Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 15 to 22
LEVELS OF VOCABULARY
Most languages have several levels of vocabulary that may be used by the same speakers. In English, at least three have been identified and described.
Standard usage includes those words and expressions understood, used, and accepted by a majority of the speakers of a language in any situation regardless of the level of formality. As such, these words and expressions are well defined and listed in standard dictionaries. Colloquialisms, on the other hand, are familiar words and idioms that are understood by almost all speakers of a language and used in informal speech or writing, but not considered acceptable for more formal situations. Almost all idiomatic expressions are colloquial language. Slang, refers to words and expressions understood by a large number of speakers but not accepted as appropriate formal usage by the majority. Colloquial expressions and even slang may be found in standard dictionaries but will be so identified. Both colloquial usage and slang are more common in speech than writing.
Colloquial speech often passes into standard speech. Some slang also passes into standard speech, but other slang expressions enjoy momentary popularity followed by obscurity. In some cases, the majority never accepts certain slang phrases but nevertheless retains them in their collective memories. Every generation seems to require its own set of words to describe familiar objects and events.
It has been pointed out by a number of linguists that three cultural conditions are necessary for the creation of a large body of slang expressions. First, the introduction and acceptance of new objects and situations in the society; second, a diverse population with a large number of subgroups; third, association among the subgroups and the majority population.
Finally, it is worth noting that the terms “standard”, “colloquial”, and “slang” exist only as abstract labels for scholars who study language. Only a tiny number of the speakers of any language will be aware that they are using colloquial or slang expressions. Most speakers of English will, during appropriate situations, select and use three types of expressions.
How is slang defined by the author?
Giải bởi Vietjack
Từ lóng được tác giả định nghĩa như thế nào?
A. Các từ và cụm từ được phần lớn mọi người chấp nhận là cách sử dụng chính thức.
B. Các từ hoặc cụm từ được phần lớn mọi người hiểu nhưng không được tìm thấy trong từ điển chuẩn.
C. Các từ hoặc cụm từ được một nhóm người nói có giới hạn hiểu.
D. Các từ hoặc cụm từ được một số lượng lớn người nói hiểu nhưng không được chấp nhận là cách sử dụng chính thức.
Thông tin: Slang, refers to words and expressions understood by a large number of speakers but not accepted as appropriate formal usage by the majority.
Tạm dịch: Tiếng lóng là các từ và cách diễn đạt được một số lượng lớn người nói hiểu nhưng không được đa số họ chấp nhận là cách sử dụng chính thức phù hợp.
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When we arrived at this house, it was a jungle in the garden but Peter always _______ and had it looking like the gardens of a palace within six months.
After years of neglect, there was a huge _______ program to return the city to its former glory.
The crowd went _______ as soon as the singer stepped onto the stage.
The medicine _______ at a high place where the children can't reach.
In just four short years, his company has made phenomenal progress in delivering great market success.
Computers and other electronic equipment become obsolete in just a few years, leaving customers with little choice but to buy newer ones to keep up
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 38 to 42
Tourism and Heritage Protection Travelling is a great thing to do. It helps us learn about different people and different places. Some people travel because they want to see nature. Others travel because they want to make friends and try great food. Of course, a lot of tourists are interested in traditional culture.
Tourism can be very good for traditional cultures. This is because when people travel to another country, they often want to learn more about that country’s traditions, such as music, food, and history. Therefore, the local people in that country will keep their traditional culture alive. They will wear traditional clothing, and sell traditional food. They will also have shows for tourists. These shows can be dances, concerts, plays, or something else.
Tourism also helps people respect each other. If you understand another culture well, you will probably respect that culture much more. You will probably want to protect that culture as well. However, tourism is not always good for traditional culture. Many people say that tourism creates “fake traditional culture”. This means that the local people wear traditional costumes, and do traditional dances only for tourists, but that is not their real lifestyle. Their real lifestyles are similar to the tourists’ lifestyle. They are just pretending because they want to make money.
The word "fake" in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to _______ .
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks
MAKING THE MOST OF YOUR TIME
These days we are under pressure to increase the amount of work we can achieve in the shortest time. The pace of life threatens to leave many of us behind, and (33) ______ of this pressure, we spend time looking for short-cuts in our working lives. However, these time-saving measures may actually cause more problems than they solve.
Some organisations seem to expect staff to work more than the usual eight hours, without recognizing the fact that tiredness causes people to make silly mistakes and leads to (34) _______ working practices. Try setting clear (35) _____ in your everyday work, however you must be careful that these are not unrealistic and can be achieved within the working day. We tend to (36)_____ people who can multitask because we think they are working hard - but do all the electronic gadgets they use increase their efficiency in the long run? Instead, they may distract them from the task in hand and cause a loss of concentration. Maybe (37)______ with every email or mobile phone call immediately is not the best use of anyone's time. To sum up, my advice is to keep everything simple, and prioritise tasks - you will become happier at work - and so will your boss!
