Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions

A rather surprising geographical feature of Antarctica is that a huge freshwater lake, one of the world's largest and deepest, lies hidden there under four kilometers of ice. Now known as Lake Vostok, this huge body of water is located under the ice block that comprises Antarctica. The lake is able to exist in its unfrozen state beneath this block of ice because its waters are warmed by geothermal heat from the earth's core. The thick glacier above Lake Vostok actually insulates it from the frigid temperatures on the surface.

The lake was first discovered in the 1970s while a research team was conducting an aerial survey of the area. Radio waves from the survey equipment penetrated the ice and revealed a body of water of indeterminate size. It was not until much more recently that data collected by satellite made scientists aware of the tremendous size of the lake; the satellite-borne radar detected an extremely flat region where the ice remains level because it is floating on the water of the lake.

The discovery of such a huge freshwater lake trapped under Antarctica is of interest to the scientific community because of the potential that the lake contains ancient microbes that have survived for thousands   upon thousands of years, unaffected by factors such as nuclear fallout and elevated ultraviolet light that have affected organisms in more exposed areas. The downside of the discovery, however, lies in the difficulty of conducting research on the lake in such a harsh climate and in the problems associated with obtaining uncontaminated samples from the lake without actually exposing the lake to contamination. Scientists are looking for possible ways to accomplish this.

The word “it” in paragraph 2 refers to _______.

'' How long have you lived in Ha Noi''? said my friend.

She says she won’t phone us _______

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the sentence that best combines each pair of sentences in the following questions.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each the numbered blanks.

“One month on since the devastating earthquake hit Türkiye and Syria, the scale of the humanitarian response has yet to meet the enormous needs of displaced Syrian families and children  (39)_____have suffered from compounded crises for almost 12 years now,” said Johan Mooij, director of World Vision’s Syria crisis response. “It is crucial that (40)_____ access channels to northwest Syria remain open, and that aid deliveries are scaled up through earmarked funding for the emergency response. Only this will ensure that children’s mental health needs are covered, and their trauma addressed.”

Snow and bitter winter weather have placed children at great risk of hypothermia(41)_____ they struggle to survive in sub-zero temperatures. Many survivors have had to sleep in cars, outside, or in makeshift shelters. Doctors (42)_____ that children are also at risk of exposure to waterborne diseases such as cholera or Hepatitis A due to the damage to shelters and water infrastructure.

These children are now even more vulnerable to family separation, exploitation, and abuse. As buildings are deemed unsafe, they also are unable to return to school.

“In northern Syria, in particular, the threats to children from abuse were already extreme. The soaring poverty, within a warzone, now devastated by earthquakes, has created an unimaginable number of challenges, and suffering for children,” says Johan, director of the Syria crisis response in Amman, Jordan. “This earthquake has created the perfect environment for a health crisis -fueled by reduced healthcare capacity and disease (43)_____.”

The Bhaktapur Durbar square, also__________as Bhadgaon, consists of at least four distinct squares.

“This earthquake has created the perfect environment for a health crisis -fueled by reduced healthcare capacity and disease (43)_____.”

Polar bears and marine mammals in the Arctic are already threatened by dwindling sea ice but have nowhere farther north to go.