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Fungi, of which there are over 100,000 species, including yeasts and other single-celled organisms as well as the common molds and mushrooms, were formerly classified as members of the plant kingdom. However, in reality they are very different from plants and today they are placed in a separate group altogether. The principal reason for this is that none of them possesses chlorophyll, and since they cannot synthesize their own carbohydrates, they obtain their supplies either from the breakdown of dead organic matter or from other living organisms. Furthermore the walls of fungal cells are not made of cellulose, as those of plants are, but of another complex sugar like polymer called chitin, the material from which the hard outer skeletons of shrimps, spiders, and insects are made. The difference between the chemical composition of the cell walls of fungi and those of plants is of enormous importance because it enables the tips of the growing hyphae, the threadlike cells of the fungus, to secrete enzymes that break down the walls of plant cells without having any effect on those of the fungus itself. It is these cellulose-destroying enzymes that enable fungi to attack anything made from wood, wood pulp, cotton, flax, or other plant material.

The destructive power of fungi is impressive. They are a major cause of structural damage to building timbers, a cause of disease in animals and humans, and one of the greatest causes of agricultural losses. Entire crops can be wiped out by fungal attacks both before and after harvesting. Some fungi can grow at +50°C, while others can grow at -5°c, so even food in cold storage may not be completely safe from them. On the other hand, fungi bring about the decomposition of dead organic matter, thus enriching the soil and returning carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. They also enter into a number of mutually beneficial relationships with plants and other organisms. In addition, fungi are the source of many of the most potent antibiotics used in clinical medicine, including penicillin.

The word "principal'' in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to______________.

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You look rather______________. Are you worried about something?

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He was______________disappointed at the result of the exam.

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At that time, I was at a______________to know what to say.

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We will have to______________the decision until Tom gets back from his holiday.

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It never______________my mind that she might lose.

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Some psychologists believe that (A) those who are encouraged to be independent, (B) responsible and competent in (C) childhood are (D) likely more than others to become motivated to achieve success.

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I don't think that TV viewers like that film, ______________?

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When I went into dining room later, the______________of the dinner were still on the table.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 26 to 30.

A certain relationship cannot exist without communication. A healthy relationship does not exist without effective communication. (26) ______________effective communication we create the characteristics of healthy relationships, such as trust, openness, and intimacy. We need effective communication to resolve conflicts, solve problems, and make decisions that contribute to the strength of a relationship. While patterns of communication may vary according to our personal style and family and cultural background, being able to (27) ______________our values, opinions, feelings, and dreams is important in any meaningful relationship. Everything we know about ourselves and others can only be processed through some form of communication. Effective communication is a shared responsibility that involves both sending and receiving messages. Strategies for effective communication involve verbal skills, active listening, and the ability to resolve problems or issues.

Communication in relationships is one of the most (28) ______________and strategic activities of human beings. It often takes place at an emotional level as we disclose our likes and dislikes, our opinions and suggestions, and our wants and needs. This intimate form of communication is best done face to face when each person is able to use the full range of verbal and non¬verbal nuances of communication (29) ______________ a message is delivered clearly and received without misunderstandings. We traditionally establish our communication skills by observing and imitating others around us. It is, therefore, important to (30) ______________students with many opportunities to practise effective communication strategies.

Điền câu số 28.

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My mother decided to give up her job for the______________of her children.

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My grandmother's savings were considerable as she had______________some money every week.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.

I don't like my new neighbor. She is a cold fish.

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Susan finds it hard to get on well with her new neighbors.

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She was like a cat on a hot tin roof before her driving test.

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I can't stand my cousin. She's always blowing her own______________and telling everyone that she knows everything.