According to the passage, early colonial cities were established along the Atlantic coastline of North America due to _____________.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 26 to 30.

In spring 2008, the polar bear was placed on the endangered species list. According to the USA’s Endangered Species Act, an endangered species is an animal, plant or any other kind of wildlife that is likely to face extinction in its natural (26) _____________. Polar bears had already been categorized (27) _____________ a “threatened” species which the ESA defines as one that is likely to become “endangered” in the foreseeable future.

The polar bear’s habitat is more (28) _____________ to global warming than many other species. Polar bears live mainly on the sea ice in the Arctic. This is where they hunt for fish and build up fat reserves. When the ice melts many polar bears move to land and live off their stored fat. In the Arctic, global warming is causing the ice to melt slightly earlier and form slightly later. This (29) _____________ a shorter feeding season for the polar bear. Some risk their lives to find ice. If they have to swim too far they will drown from exhaustion and hunger. The World Wildlife Fund (30) _____________ that over 25% of Arctic sea ice has disappeared in the past 30 years.

Although the first printed books had appeared long before in China, the term ‘mass media’ we use today was coined with the creation of print media, which started in Europe in the Middle Ages.

According to the passage, all of the following aspects of the plantation system influenced the growth of southern cities EXCEPT the _____________.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.

Many young people travel all over the world and do all kinds of jobs before they ________.

This (29) _____________ a shorter feeding season for the polar bear.

Millions of teenagers around the world are addicted to computer and video game.

Waiter: “How do you like your beef done?”

Customer: “________”

He has the ________ face and skin of an old traveller.

If you don’t ___________ this opportunity, you might not get another one.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.

Only after food has been dried or canned ___________.

Using renewable resources is the best option for preventing the _________ of fossil-based resources.

The hotel prides itself on __________ high standards.

In “Now things ... mobile class”, the author mentions ____________ reasons why people want to live in cities.