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Animals have an intuitive awareness of quantities. They know without analysis the difference between a number of objects and a smaller number. In his book " The natural History of Selboure " (1786 ) , the naturalist Gilbert White tells how he surreptitiously removed one egg a day from a plover's nest , and how the mother laid another egg each day to make up for the missing one . He noted that other species of birds ignore the absence of a single egg but abandon their nests if more than one egg has been removed. It has also been noted by naturalists that a certain type of wasp always provides five - never four, never six - caterpillars for each of their eggs so that their young have something to eat when the eggs hatch . Research has also shown that both mice and pigeons can be taught to distinguish between odd and even numbers of food pieces.

These and similar accounts have led some people to infer that creatures other than humans can actually count. They also point to dogs that have been taught to respond to numerical questions with the correct number of barks, or to horses that seem to solve arithmetic problems by stomping their hooves the proper number of times.

Animals respond to quantities only when they are connected to survival as a species - as in the case of the eggs - or survival as individuals - as in the case of food. There is no transfer to other situations or from concrete reality to the abstract notion of numbers. Animals can "count" only when the objects are present and only when the numbers involved are small - not more than seven or eight. In lab experiments, animals trained to "count" one kind of object were unable to count any other type. The objects, not the numbers, are what interest them. Animals’ admittedly remarkable achievements simply do not amount to evidence of counting, nor do they reveal more than innate instincts, refined by the genes of successive generations, or the results of clever, careful conditioning by trainers.

The word "surreptitiously " is closest in meaning to

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Alfred said to John, "I didn't use your cassette player! Someone else did, not me. "

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"Do you have a minute, Dr Keith?" - " x "

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It was (A) disappointed that (B) most of (C), the guests left the party earlier (D) than I expected

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word or phrase that is OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined part in each of the following questions from 41-43.

Their classmates are writing letters of of acceptance.

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Winter's almost here and it's time x against the flu

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“Would you like another cup of tea?", the landlady said to the guest

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Employers often require that candidates have not only a degree x

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With his excellent qualifications and a good command of English, James is above X the other applicants

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He came to inspect the house X buying it

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A cool drink x him after his long hot journey.

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Arthur assured me that he was going to come, but he hasn't x yet

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New York City, (A), which is one of the largest cities in the world , (B) is larger any (C) other city in (D) the United States.

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Sport today has become X and is no longer enjoyable.

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Adele tries hard but she doesn't make much progress

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When the laser strikes the chemicals, it releases a form of oxygen that kills cancer cells.