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As the twentieth century began, the importance of formal education in the United States increased. The frontier had mostly disappeared and by 1910 most Americans lived in towns and cities. Industrialization and the bureaucratization of economic life combined with a new emphasis upon credentials and expertise to make schooling increasingly important for economic and social mobility. Increasingly, too, schools were viewed as the most important means of integrating immigrants into American society.

The arrival of a great wave of southern and eastern European immigrants at the turn of the century coincided with and contributed to an enormous expansion of formal schooling. By 1920 schooling to age fourteen or beyond was compulsory in most states, and the school year was greatly lengthened. Kindergartens, vacation schools, extracurricular activities, and vocational education and counseling extended the influence of public schools over the lives of students, many of whom in the larger industrial cities were the children of immigrants. Classes for adult immigrants were sponsored by public schools, corporations, unions, churches, settlement houses, and other agencies.

Reformers early in the twentieth century suggested that education programs should suit the needs of specific populations. Immigrant women were once such population. Schools tried to educate young women so they could occupy productive places in the urban industrial economy, and one place many educators considered appropriate for women was the home.

Although looking after the house and family was familiar to immigrant women, American education gave homemaking a new definition. In preindustrial economies, homemaking had meant the production as well as the consumption of goods, and it commonly included income-producing activities both inside and outside the home, in the highly industrialized early-twentieth-century United States, however, overproduction rather than scarcity was becoming a problem. Thus, the ideal American homemaker was viewed as a consumer rather than a producer. Schools trained women to be consumer homemakers cooking, shopping, decorating, and caring for children “efficiently” in their own homes, or if economic necessity demanded, as employees in the homes of others. Subsequent reforms have made these notions seem quite out-of-date.

The paragraph preceding the whole reading passage probably discusses _____.

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Having passed the entrance exam, _____go away for a holiday.

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It is very important for a firm or a company to____changes in the market. 

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You ______out last night. I called several times but nobody answered the phone.

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We expected her at nine but she finally______at midnight.

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“More coffee? Anybody?” ~  « ______________ »

Read  the following  passage and mark the letter A, B, C on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

The art world

One of the major problems in the art world is how to distinguish and promote an artist. In effect, a market must be created for an artist to be successful. The practice of signing and    numbering individual prints was introduced by James Abbott McNeill Whistler, the nineteenth - century artist best known for the painting of his mother, called “Arrangement in Grey and Black”, but known to most of us as “ Whistler’s Mother”. Whistler’s brother - in - law, Sir Francis Seymour Haden, a less well - known artist, had speculated that collectors might find prints more attractive if they knew  that they were only a limited number of copies produced. By signing the work in pencil, an artist could guarantee and personalize each print.

As soon as Whistler and Haden began the practice of signing and numbering  their prints, their work began to increase in value. When other artists noticed that the signed prints commanded higher prices, they began copying the procedure.

Although most prints are signed on the right - hand side in the margin below the image, the placement of the signature is a matter of personal choice. Indeed, prints have been signed within the image, in any of the margins, or even on the reverse side of the print. Wherever the artist elects to sign it, a signed print is still valued above an unsigned one, even in the same edition.

What made Whistler’s work more valuable?

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Political science, (A) alike the (B) other social (C) sciences, is not (D) an exact science.

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(A) Each year, tourists from (B) all over the world travel to Poland (C) to visit (D) a birthplace of Frederic Chopin.

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Mountains have helped (A) to protect the Swiss (B) from invaders, and indeed, Switzerland (C) has remained at peace while other European nations (D) engaging in war.

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Jack ______be so bad-tempered; I wonder if he’s got problems.

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The diesel engine was named_____its inventor Rudolf Diesel. 

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The judge _____him fifty dollars for parking his car illegally

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The purpose of a labour union is to improve the working conditions, ______, and pay of its members.

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Although caffeine is a (A) moderately habit-forming drug, coffee is not (B) regarded as (C) harmfully to the average (D) healthy adult.

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Nha Trang, ______last year, is excellent for holiday-makers.