Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

Culture is a word in common use with complex meanings, and is derived, like the term broadcasting, from the treatment and care of the soil and of what grows on it. It is directly related to cultivation and the adjectives cultural and cultured are part of the same verbal complex. A person of culture has identifiable attributes, among them a knowledge of and interest in the arts, literature, and music. Yet the word culture does not refer solely to such knowledge and interest nor, indeed, to education. At least from the 19th century onwards, under the influence of anthropologists and sociologists, the word culture has come to be used generally both in the singular and the plural (cultures) to refer to a whole way of life of people, including their customs, laws, conventions, and values.

Distinctions have consequently been drawn between primitive and advanced culture and cultures, between elite and popular culture, between popular and mass culture, and most recently between national and global cultures. Distinctions have been drawn too between culture and civilization; the latter is a word derived not, like culture or agriculture, from the soil, but from the city. The two words are sometimes treated as synonymous. Yet this is misleading. While civilization and barbarism are pitted against each other in what seems to be a perpetual behavioural pattern, the use of the word culture has been strongly influenced by 6 conceptions of evolution in the 19th century and of development in the 20th century. Cultures evolve or develop. They are not static. They have twists and turns. Styles change. So do fashions. There are cultural processes. What, for example, the word cultured means has changed substantially since the study of classical (that is, Greek and Roman) literature, philosophy, and history ceased in the 20th century to be central to school and university education. No single alternative focus emerged, although with computers has come electronic culture, affecting kinds of study, and most recently digital culture. As cultures express themselves in new forms not everything gets better or more civilized.

The multiplicity of meanings attached to the word made and will make it difficult to define. There is no single, unproblematic definition, although many attempts have been made to establish one. The only nonproblematic definitions go back to agricultural meaning (for example, cereal culture or strawberry culture) and medical meaning (for example, bacterial culture or penicillin culture). Since in anthropology and sociology we also acknowledge culture clashes, culture shock, and counter-culture, the range of reference is extremely wide.

It is stated in paragraph 1 that a cultured person_____.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best completes each of the following exchanges.

- Jennifer: “I believe that supermarkets are much better than traditional markets.”

- Katherine: “_________. Each has its own features.”

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best combines each pair of sentences in the following question.

It was only when I left home that I realized how much my family meant to me.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions.

Almost (A) of the trees (B) in this plantation have been (C) cut down and (D).

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

We were expecting beautiful weather at the beach, but it was so cold and rainy that, __________ getting a suntan, I caught a cold.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions.

Susan decided to not do (A) her homework (B) and went (C) to a (D) night-club.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

All commuters __________ the main highway to get to the center of the city will face delays of up to an hour today because of on-going construction.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions.

Of (A) all seashore plants, seaweeds are best (B) able to tolerate long periods out of water , followed by (C) long periods covering (D) by water.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

She never says anything good about me. She is forever running me _________

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best combines each pair of sentences in the following question.

The room was in a mess. I hope you don’t leave your clothes all over the floor.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

David __________ his hands. He just __________ the TV set.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

In making remarks, he ____________to understatement.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

What Do You Think?

We have all had bad experiences with restaurants, stores, or hotels. Maybe you have gone to a restaurant that served terrible food. Perhaps you have gone to a store that had high prices or bad service. Or maybe you have booked a hotel and found out later that the room was nothing like the advertisement.

These days, we have a better chance of preventing these unpleasant surprises. We can do this by using apps. “App” is short for “application”. An app is a computer programme on a smartphone. You can use apps to do almost anything. Apps can help you play games, get directions, talk to friends, and so on.

If f you want to find information about a store or a hotel, you can use a review app. Review apps help us evaluate services and products before we hand over our money. The idea is very simple. After you go to a restaurant or stay in a hotel, you can post a review with one of your apps. You can say anything you want. If you like a hotel you stayed in, you can tell people that it was wonderful. If you think that the food in a certain restaurant was bad, then you tell people not to eat there. Other people can use their apps to read your reviews.

Plenty of people prefer not to use these review apps. Many of these people prefer to go out and decide for themselves whether or not a service is good. However, review apps are getting more and more popular every day. Some apps are for specific services. For example, Tripadvisor focuses on travel, and Goodreads focuses on books. There are also other, larger apps that provide information for just about every service that you can think of.

According to the passage, why do some people prefer NOT to use review apps?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 25 to 29. Fill in the appropriate word in question 29

Finding Beauty in the City

Cities are known to have lives of their own, and photographers are able to (25) _____ some of it. Whether taking shots of people walking on a crowded street or time-lapse shots of cars driving at night, the (26) ______ photos can be breathtaking. Because many of the shots taken are of man-made objects like architecture, many emotions that come into (27) _____ wouldn’t be found in nature photography. Photos can show the wonder of a child staring at a fountain as water shoots upward in the sunlight. They can also show the sadder side, such as a camp of homeless people living in terrible poverty. (28)_____of what they show, there is always beauty to be found, even if it is beauty in something that is showing an ugly truth.

Depending on the time of the day, photos taken in an urban environment can change drastically. To see the (29) _______ of a building as its shadow is cast on the lawn of a park is always amazing to see.