Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.

 

   In most discussions of cultural diversity, attention has focused on visible, explicit aspects of culture, such as language, dress, food, religion, music, and social rituals. Although they are important, these visible expressions of culture, which are taught deliberately and learned consciously, are only the tip of the iceberg of culture. Much of culture is taught and learned implicitly, or outside awareness. Thus, neither cultural insiders nor cultural outsiders are aware that certain “invisible” aspects of their culture exist.

   Invisible elements of culture are important to us. For example, how long we can be late before being impolite, what topics we should avoid in a conversation, how we show interest or attention through listening behavior, what we consider beautiful or ugly- these are all aspects of culture that we learn and use without being aware of it. When we meet other people whose invisible cultural assumptions differ from those we have learned implicitly, we usually do not recognize their behavior as cultural in origin.

   Differences in invisible culture can cause problems in cross-cultural relations. Conflicts may arise when we are unable to recognize others’ behavioral differences as cultural rather than personal. We tend to misinterpret other people’s behavior, blame them, or judge their intentions or competence without realizing that we are experiencing cultural rather than individual differences.

   Formal organizations and institutions, such as schools, hospitals, workplaces, governments, and the legal system are collection sites for invisible cultural differences. If the differences were more visible, we might have less misunderstanding. For example, if we met a man in a courthouse who was wearing exotic clothes, speaking a language other than ours, and carrying food that looked strange, we would not assume that we understood his thoughts and feelings or that he understood ours. Yet when such a man is dressed similarly to us, speaks our language, and does not differ from us in other obvious ways, we may fail to recognize the invisible cultural differences between us. As a result, mutual misunderstanding may arise.

The word “rituals” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to .................. 

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An only child often creates an .................. friend to play with.

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It is not easy to .................. our beauty when we get older and older.

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Some researchers have just .................. a survey of young people’s points of view on contractual marriage.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.

She decided to remain celibate and devote her life to helping the homeless and orphans.

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He has a very outgoing .................. and makes friends very easily.

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She showed her .................. by asking lots of trivial questions.

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“If I were you, I'd tell him the truth, ” she said to me.

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They decided to divorce and Mary is .................. to get the right to raise the child.

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People are advised to .................. smoking because of its harm to their health.

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There are few areas of human experience that have not been writing about.

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Not a word .................. since the exam started.

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He clearly had no .................. of doing any work, although it was only a week till the exam.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best combines each pair of sentences in the following questions.

The workers finished their work. They left for home.

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I find that necessary to do something about traffic problem in our city.

Mark the letter A, B,C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.