Read the following passage and blacken the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet correct answer to the following questions. 

   Of all modern instruments, the violin is apparently one of the simplest. It consists in essence of a hollow, varnished wooden sound box, or resonator, and a long neck covered with a fingerboard, along which four strings are stretched at high tension. The beauty of design, shape, and decoration is no accident. The proportions of the instrument are determined almost entirely by acoustical considerations. Its simplicity of appearance is deceptive. About 70 parts are involved in the construction of a violin. Its tone and its outstanding range of expressiveness make it an ideal solo instrument. No less important, however, is its role as an orchestral and chamber instrument.  In combination with the ger and deep sounding members of the same family, the violins form the nucleus of the modern symphony orchestra. 

   The violin has been in existence since about 1550. Its importance as an instrument in its own right dates from the early 1600's, when it first became standard in Italian opera orchestras. Its stature as an orchestral instrument was raised further when in 1626 Louis XIII of France established at his court the orchestra known as Les vinq quatre violons du Roy (The King's 24 Violins), which was to become widely famous later in the century. 

   In its early history, the violin had a dull and rather quiet tone resulting from the fact that the strings were think and were attached to the body of the instrument very loosely. During the eighteenth and nineteenth century, exciting technical changes were inspired by such composer-violinists as Vivaldi and Tartini. Their instrumental compositions demanded a fuller, clearer, and more brilliant tone that was produced by using thinner strings and a far higher string tension. Small changes had to be made to the violin's internal structure and to the fingerboard so that they could withstand the extra strain. Accordingly, a higher standard of performance was achieved, in terms of both facility and interpretation. Left-hand technique was considerably elaborated, and new fingering patterns on the fingerboard were developed for very high notes. 

All of the following are mentioned in the passage as contributing to the ability to play modern violin music EXCEPT _________ 

Read the following passage and blacken the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word for each of the blanks in the following question. 

Why is it that many teenagers have the energy to play computer games until late at night but can't find the energy to get out of bed in time for school? According to a new report, today's generation of children are in danger of getting so (20) _______ sleep that they are putting their mental and physical health at risk. Adults can easily survive on seven to eight hours' sleep a night, (21) _____teenagers require nine or ten hours. According to medical experts, one in five youngsters gets anything between two and five hours' sleep a night less than their parents did at their age. 

This (22) ______ serious questions about whether lack of sleep is affecting children's ability to concentrate at school. The connection between sleep deprivation and lapses in memory, impaired reaction time and poor concentration is well (23) _________. Research has shown that losing as little as half an hour's sleep a night can have profound effects on how children perform the next day. A good night's sleep is also crucial for teenagers because it is while they are asleep (24) they release a hormone that is essential for their 'growth spurt' (the period during teenage years when the body grows at a rapid rate. It's true that they can, to some extent, catch up on sleep at weekends, but that won't help them when they are dropping off to sleep in class on a Friday afternoon. 

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word or phrase that is OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined part in each of the following questions.

We are looking for camp helpers who are hard-working, energetic, and able to organize activities for young children. 

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions. 

"Could you read this essay and give me your opinion on it?". 

We're all ambitious - it seems to run in the family. 

We all wish to create a friendly and supportive environment ________ to learning

Read the following passage and blacken the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to the following questions. 

   Advertising helps people recognize a particular brand, persuades them to try it, and tries to keep them loyal to it. Brand loyalty is perhaps the most important goal of consumer advertising. Whether they produce cars, canned foods or cosmetics, manufacturers want their customers to make repeated purchases. The quality of the product will encourage this, of course, but so, too, will affect advertising. 

   Advertising relies on the techniques of market research to identify potential users of a product. Are they homemakers or professional people? Are they young or old? Are they city dwellers or country dwellers? Such questions have a bearing on where and when ads should be played. By studying readership breakdowns for newspapers and magazines as well as television ratings and other statistics, an advertising agency can decide on the best way of reaching potential buyers. Detailed research and marketing expertise are essential today when advertising budgets can run into thousands of millions of dollars. 

   Advertising is a fast-paced, high-pressure industry. There is a constant need for creative ideas that will establish a personality for a product in the public's mind. Current developments in advertising increase the need for talented workers. 

   In the past, the majority of advertising was aimed at the traditional white family - breadwinner father, non working mother, and two children. Research now reveals that only about 6 percent of American households fit this stereotype. Instead, society is fragmented into many groups, with working mothers, single people and older people on the rise. To be most successful, advertising must identify a particular segment and aim its message toward that group. 

   Advertising is also making use of new technologies. Computer graphics are used to grab the attention of consumers and to help them see products in a new light. The use of computer graphics in a commercial for canned goods, for instance, gave a new image to the tin can. 

What does the passage mainly discuss? 

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word or phrase that is CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined part in each of the following questions.

The burning of fossil fuels emits harmful gases, but people still use them for heating and cooking.

She has always had a good relationship with the children.

The phrase "in a new light" in bold type in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to ____________

The greater part of London ______ of wood, but after the great fire, wider streets and brick housses ________ 

If you want to get a good result in every work, you should have a constancy.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions. 

With his good sense of humour, Martin is quite ______ with the students

"The King's 24 Violins" is mentioned to illustrate _______________

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part is pronouned differently from the other three in each question. 

A. watches     B. brushes                         C. indicates                       D. possesses