Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.
Psychologists who study information processing have identified and described several memory structures that clarify how our memory works. They include the sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Each structure varies as to how much information it can hold and for how long.
A description of how human process information typically begins with environmental stimuli. Our sense receptors are constantly stimulated by visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, and gustatory stimuli. These experiences are initially recorded in the sensory register, so named because information is thought to be encoded there in the same form in which it was perceived. The purpose of the sensory register is to hold information one to three seconds. Information not recognized or otherwise selected by us disappears from the system. The sensory register can hold about twelve items of information at a time. Typists make extensive use of the sensory register in order to remember words just long enough to get them typed. If no further processing takes place, a typist’s ability to recall that information later is minimal. Similarly, most of us have had the experience of reading an entire page of text, only to discover when we got to the bottom of the page, we couldn’t say anything about it except that we had indeed “read” every word.
Once information has been recognized as meaningful, it is sent to short-term memory. In this case, short-term is approximately 20 seconds, while this may seem surprising, it can be easily demonstrated. If you were asked to dial an unfamiliar phone number, received a busy signal, and were then distracted by something or someone else for 15 to 20 seconds, chances are you would have forgotten the number at that point. Short-term memory is often referred to as “working” memory.
Most cognitive psychologists believe that the storage capacity of long-term memory is unlimited and contains a permanent record of everything an individual has learned and experienced. Information is encoded there to enhance its meaningfulness and organization so that it can be easily retrieved when necessary.
Question 49. It can be inferred that short-term memory is called “working” memory because___________.
we use it extensively when we are working
it holds information we are working on at a given moment
it is very difficult to use effectively
we must work hard to retrieve information from it
Question 49. Đáp án B
Câu hỏi. Có thể suy ra được rằng trí nhớ ngắn hạn được gọi là trí nhớ “làm việc” bởi vì __________
Chúng ta tìm thấy thông tin ở đoạn 3, dòng 3-5:
Trích: If you were asked to dial an unfamiliar phone number, received a busy signal, and were then distracted by something or someone else for 15 to 20 seconds, chances are you would have forgotten the number at that point.
Tạm dịch: Nếu chúng ta được yêu cầu quay một dãy số điện thoại lạ, nhận được tín hiệu bận và rồi phân tâm bởi một điều gì đó hay ai đó trong vòng 15 đến 20 giây, khả năng là bạn sẽ quên dãy số đấy tại thời điểm đó.
Đây là thông tin được dùng để làm ví dụ chứng minh cho việc vì sao trí nhớ ngắn hạn được gọi là trí nhớ “làm việc”. Dựa vào thông tin này ta thấy đây chính là thông tin mà chúng ta có được trong khi làm việc ở một thời điểm nhất định → đáp án B đúng
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Question 13. He has been very interested in doing research on___________since he was at high school.
Question 9. Our boss would rather___________during the working hours.
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.
Question 1
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions.
Question 20. The fire began in the tenth floor of the block of flat, but it soon spread to other floors.
Question 14. The match will be televised___________ on VTV 3 tonight.
Question 26. Dan is able to make English instruction videos for Vietnamese people. It is because his Vietnamese wife helps him.
Question 28. Eden and Edward are chatting after work. Eden suggests eating out.
- Eden. “Shall we eat out tonight?”
- Edward. ___________!”
Question 12. Last weekend, my family went to the cinema together. We chose a(an) ___________to see.
Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
Question 5. She looked active in___________.
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word or phrase that is CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined part in each of the following questions.
Question 29. People are not aware of the problem of overpopulation.
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions.
Question 21. The strong progress in poverty reduction and sharing prosperity that took place over the first decade of the 2000s is at risk because of the global slowdown in growth.