Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.

        An air pollutant is defined as a compound added directly or indirectly by humans to the atmosphere in such quantities as to affect humans, animals, vegetation, or materials adversely. Air pollution requires a very flexible definition that permits continuous changes. When the first air pollution laws were established in England in the fourteenth century, air pollutants were limited to compounds that could be seen or smelled - a far cry from the extensive list of harmful substances known today. As technology has developed and knowledge of the health aspects of various chemicals has increased, the list of air pollutants has lengthened. In the future, even water vapor might be considered an air pollutant under certain conditions.

        Many of more important air pollutants, such as sulfur oxides, carbon monoxides and nitrogen oxides are found in nature. As the Earth developed, the concentration of these pollutants was altered by various chemical reactions; they became components in biogeochemical cycles. These serve as an air purification scheme by allowing the compounds to move from the air to the water or soil. On a global basis, nature's output of these compounds dwarfs that resulting from human activities.

        However, human production usually occurs in a localized area, such as a city. In such a region, human output may be dominant and may temporarily overload the natural purification scheme of the cycles. The result is an concentration of noxious chemicals in the air. The concentrations at which the adverse effects appear will be greater than the concentrations that the pollutants would have in the absence of human activities. The actual concentration need not be large for a substance to be a pollutant; in fact, the numerical value tells us little until we know how much of an increase this represents over the concentration that would occur naturally in the area. For example, sulfur dioxide has detectable health effects at 0. 08 parts per million (ppm), which is about 400 times its natural level. Carbon monoxide, however has a natural level of 0. 1 ppm and is not usually a pollutant until its level reaches about 15 ppm.

What does the passage mainly dicuss?

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.

There have been significant changes in women’s lives since the women’s liberation movement.

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“Shall I carry the suitcase for you, Mary?”, said John.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.

In my attempt to win a place at university, I am under a lot of pressure.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.

In Western culture, it is polite to maintain eye contact during conversation.

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My brother ______ while he ______ his bicycle and hurt himself.

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You should use this cream ______ the sun from damaging your skin.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word for each of the blanks from 31 to 35. Fill in the appropriate word in question 35

          In Japan, politeness and good manners are very important and business meetings are very formal. Business cards are also important and they (31) ________ these at the beginning of a meeting. They always look at them carefully, so you should do the same as they might think you're rude if you don't. A lot of communication is non-verbal. They are very good listeners and may ask a lot of questions to (32)_____ they understand everything.

          In a conversation they wait longer before they reply than westerners do, so it's important (33)_______ speak in those long pauses but to wait for their reply. In their culture it's rude to ask direct questions or to say 'No' or 'I disagree'. In business it takes a long time to (34)_______ a decision because they have to ask everyone in the company. When they say 'Yes' it may mean 'I understand', not 'I agree', and when they smile it might be because they don't know (35)_______ to say.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the most suitable response to complete each of the following exchanges.

Anna: “I think we should recycle these bags. It will help protect the environment.”

  John: “ __________________. ”

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the undelined part that needs correction in each of the following questions.

My manager wanted to know that whether I was taking much money with me to France.

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The director deputy ______ the responsibility for organizing meetings and conferences.

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He expected ______ for an Oscar, but he wasn’t.

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Rodney ______ for the company for very long before he was promoted.

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It was on March 19th, 1876 ______ the first telephone call was made.

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John said he ______ to visit me the day after.

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Nothing unusual happened, _______?