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       Before photography was invented in 1839, painted portraits, and engravings based on them, were one of the few ways to record likenesses. From the Colonial era through the 1820s, portraiture was the most widely practiced genre of American art, and it continued to be a significant form through the 19th century. The demand for likenesses was incessant, and portraiture was often the primary source of income for artists. Artists frequently made portraits of famous people to attract interest and potential patrons. For example, in 1834 Chester Harding painted frontiersman Davy Crockett, then a member of the U.S. House of Representatives, for display in hisBostongallery.

       A consistent belief through most of the 18th and 19th centuries was that character could be read from a person's face, or the bumps on his or her head, or from facial expressions, and that portraits should convey these indicators of character. These theories of physiognomy and phrenology have since been debunked, but they were important considerations in depicting the nation's leaders, since such portraits were often made for posterity. Most people had only one portrait painted in their lifetime, if at all, so artists were selected with great care, and expectations were high.

       Before the 1840s, American portraiture was influenced primarily by English techniques, poses, compositions and gestures, and many artists received at least part of their training inEngland. Even canvas sizes followed the British example. Portraits made on commission were priced according to canvas size and the materials and labor involved.

            In the late 19th century as European portraitists began traveling to the United States to acquire commissions from the growing upper class, American artists increasingly felt they needed to train abroad in order to succeed at home. Paris continued to be the main lure as painters such as Eakins, Whistler, Beaux and Sargent went to study there. Some of America's best-known portraitists, in fact, became expatriates.

In paragraph 2, what did people look for in a good portrait?

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Tom. "Thank you for your help." - Mary. "_______ ."

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There are (A) many different ways of comparing (B) the economy of one nation with those (C) of another. (D)

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As I was _______ of the change in the program, I arrived half an hour late for the rehearsal.

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The concert was _______ because of the heavy rain.

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There are (A) many researches show (B) that various species of (C) animals have been extinct. (D)

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The secretary said me  (A)  that  (B) I would  (C) receive the letter from  (D) him.

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There's a good film _______ town.

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She accepted the job _______ the salary, which was rather low.

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Unemployment _______ by 5 percent since the beginning of the year.

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If Mike got (A) up earlier (B) , he would have come to (C) class on time. (D)

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They decided to _______ their differences and became friends.

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No one died in the accident, _______ ?

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word that differs from the rest in the position of the main stress in each of the following words.

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My uncle is in _______ of 60 engineers and workers.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct word for each of the blanks. Fill in the appropriate word in question 38

           Nearly 200 of the 1500 native plant species in Hawaii are at risk of going extinct in the near future because they have been  (33)_______ to such low numbers. Approximately 90 percent ofHawaii's plants are found nowhere else in the world but they are  (34)_______  by alien invasive species such as feral goats, pigs, rodents and  (35)_______ plants.

          The Hawaii Rare Plant Restoration Group is striving to (36)_______  the extinction of the 182 rare Hawaiian plants with fewer than 50 individuals remaining in the  (37)_______ . Since 1990,  (38)_______ a result of their "Plant Extinction Prevention Program", sixteen species have been brought into  (39)_______ and three species have been reintroduced. Invasive weeds have been removed in key areas and fencing put up in order to  (40)_______  plants in the wild.

            In the future the Hawaii Rare Plant Restoration Program aims  (41)_______  collecting genetic material from the remaining  plants  in  the  wild  for storage  as a safety net for the future. They also aim to manage wild populations and where possible reintroduce species into (42)_______  .