Read the following passage and choose the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 11 to 20.

Although speech is generally accepted as the most advanced form of communication, there are many ways of communicating without using words. In every known culture, signals, signs, symbols, and gestures are commonly utilized as instruments of communication. There is a great deal of agreement among communication scientists as to what each of these methods is and how each differs from the others. For instance, the basic function of any signal is to impinge upon the environment in such a way that it attracts attention, as, for example, the dots and dashes that can be applied in a telegraph circuit. Coded to refer to speech, the potential for communication through these dots and dashes—short and long intervals as the circuit is broken—is very great. Less adaptable to the codification of words, signs also contain agreed upon meaning; that is, they convey information in and of themselves. Two examples are the hexagonal red sign that conveys the meaning of stop, and the red and white swirled pole outside a shop that communicates the meaning of barber.

Symbols are more difficult to describe than either signals or signs because of their intricate relationship with the receiver’s culture perceptions. In some cultures, applauding in a theater provides performers with an auditory symbol of approval. In other cultures, if done in unison, applauding can be a symbol of the audience’s discontent with the performance. Gestures such as weaving and handshaking also communicate certain culture messages.

Although signals, signs, symbols, and gestures are very useful, they also have a major disadvantage in communication. They usually do not allow ideas to be shared without the sender being directly adjacent to the receiver. Without an exchange of ideas, interaction comes to a halt. As a result, means of communication intended to be used across long distances and extended periods must be based upon speech. To radio, television, and the telephone, one must add fax, paging systems, electronic mail, and the internet, and no one doubts but that there are more means of communication on the horizon.

The phrase impinge upon in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ______.

Choose the best option A, B, C or D to complete each of the sentences from 21 to 39.

You ______ take your umbrella along with you today. The weatherman on the news said there's a storm north of here and it ______ rain later on this afternoon.

Choose the best option A, B, C or D to complete each of the sentences from 21 to 39.

He was ______ when I had those problems and said whatever I did he would stand by me.

Choose the best option A, B, C or D to complete each of the sentences from 21 to 39.

We are ______ no obligation to change goods which were not purchased here.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions.

All nations may have to make (A) fundamental changes (B) in their economic, political, and the technological institutions (C) if they are to preserve (D) environment.

Choose the best option A, B, C or D to complete each of the sentences from 21 to 39.

Where’s that ______ dress that your grandma gave you?

Choose the best option A, B, C or D to complete each of the sentences from 21 to 39.

The firemen did well ______ their preparation for catastrophic gas explosions.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions.

The closer(A)  it gets to December 21, the first day of winter(B) , the short(C)  the days become(D) .

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.

I have a modest little glass fish tank where I keep a variety of small fish.

Choose the best option A, B, C or D to complete each of the sentences from 21 to 39.

In some countries, on moral ______ that education should not be taxed, there is no tax on books.

Choose the best option A, B, C or D to complete each of the sentences from 21 to 39.

We can’t even walk in the storm. Let’s wait in the hallway where we’ll be ______ the strong winds until things quiet down.

Choose the best option A, B, C or D to complete each of the sentences from 21 to 39.

Considering how little they’ve got in common, it’s surprising how well they ______ together.

Choose the best option A, B, C or D to complete each of the sentences from 21 to 39.

All the cereal grains ______ grow on the prairies and plains of the United States.

Choose the best option A, B, C or D to complete each of the sentences from 21 to 39.

If you say you are using a word ______, you mean you are choosing it after thinking about it very carefully.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions.

Jim must(A)  have asked for(B)  help instead of trying(C)  to do it himself(D) .

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.