Read the following passage and choose the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer for each of the blanks from 1 to 10. Fill in the appropriate word in question 01

Education is more important today than ever before. It helps people acquire the skills they need for such everyday (1) ______ as reading a newspaper or managing their money. It also gives them the specialized training they may need to (2) ______ for a job or career. For example, a person must meet certain educational requirements and obtain a (3) ______ or certificate before he can practice law or medicine. Many fields, such as computer operation (4) ______ police work, require satisfactory completion of special training courses.

Education is also important (5) ______ it helps people get more out of life. It increases their knowledge and understanding of the world. It helps them (6) ______ the skills that make life more interesting and enjoyable, such as the skills (7) ______ to participate in a sport, paint a picture, or play a musical instrument. Such education becomes (8) ______ important as people gain more and more leisure time.

Education also helps people adjust to change. This habit has become (9) ______ because social changes today take place with increasing speed and affect the lives of more and more people. Education can help a person understand these changes and provide him (10) ______ the skills for adjusting to them.

Read the following passage and choose the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer for each of the blanks from 1 to 10. Fill in the appropriate word in question 02

Education is more important today than ever before. It helps people acquire the skills they need for such everyday (1) ______ as reading a newspaper or managing their money. It also gives them the specialized training they may need to (2) ______ for a job or career. For example, a person must meet certain educational requirements and obtain a (3) ______ or certificate before he can practice law or medicine. Many fields, such as computer operation (4) ______ police work, require satisfactory completion of special training courses.

Education is also important (5) ______ it helps people get more out of life. It increases their knowledge and understanding of the world. It helps them (6) ______ the skills that make life more interesting and enjoyable, such as the skills (7) ______ to participate in a sport, paint a picture, or play a musical instrument. Such education becomes (8) ______ important as people gain more and more leisure time.

Education also helps people adjust to change. This habit has become (9) ______ because social changes today take place with increasing speed and affect the lives of more and more people. Education can help a person understand these changes and provide him (10) ______ the skills for adjusting to them.

Read the following passage and choose the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer for each of the blanks from 1 to 10. Fill in the appropriate word in question 03

Education is more important today than ever before. It helps people acquire the skills they need for such everyday (1) ______ as reading a newspaper or managing their money. It also gives them the specialized training they may need to (2) ______ for a job or career. For example, a person must meet certain educational requirements and obtain a (3) ______ or certificate before he can practice law or medicine. Many fields, such as computer operation (4) ______ police work, require satisfactory completion of special training courses.

Education is also important (5) ______ it helps people get more out of life. It increases their knowledge and understanding of the world. It helps them (6) ______ the skills that make life more interesting and enjoyable, such as the skills (7) ______ to participate in a sport, paint a picture, or play a musical instrument. Such education becomes (8) ______ important as people gain more and more leisure time.

Education also helps people adjust to change. This habit has become (9) ______ because social changes today take place with increasing speed and affect the lives of more and more people. Education can help a person understand these changes and provide him (10) ______ the skills for adjusting to them.

Read the following passage and choose the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer for each of the blanks from 1 to 10. Fill in the appropriate word in question 04

Education is more important today than ever before. It helps people acquire the skills they need for such everyday (1) ______ as reading a newspaper or managing their money. It also gives them the specialized training they may need to (2) ______ for a job or career. For example, a person must meet certain educational requirements and obtain a (3) ______ or certificate before he can practice law or medicine. Many fields, such as computer operation (4) ______ police work, require satisfactory completion of special training courses.

Education is also important (5) ______ it helps people get more out of life. It increases their knowledge and understanding of the world. It helps them (6) ______ the skills that make life more interesting and enjoyable, such as the skills (7) ______ to participate in a sport, paint a picture, or play a musical instrument. Such education becomes (8) ______ important as people gain more and more leisure time.

Education also helps people adjust to change. This habit has become (9) ______ because social changes today take place with increasing speed and affect the lives of more and more people. Education can help a person understand these changes and provide him (10) ______ the skills for adjusting to them.

Read the following passage and choose the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer for each of the blanks from 1 to 10. Fill in the appropriate word in question 05

Education is more important today than ever before. It helps people acquire the skills they need for such everyday (1) ______ as reading a newspaper or managing their money. It also gives them the specialized training they may need to (2) ______ for a job or career. For example, a person must meet certain educational requirements and obtain a (3) ______ or certificate before he can practice law or medicine. Many fields, such as computer operation (4) ______ police work, require satisfactory completion of special training courses.

Education is also important (5) ______ it helps people get more out of life. It increases their knowledge and understanding of the world. It helps them (6) ______ the skills that make life more interesting and enjoyable, such as the skills (7) ______ to participate in a sport, paint a picture, or play a musical instrument. Such education becomes (8) ______ important as people gain more and more leisure time.

Education also helps people adjust to change. This habit has become (9) ______ because social changes today take place with increasing speed and affect the lives of more and more people. Education can help a person understand these changes and provide him (10) ______ the skills for adjusting to them.

Read the following passage and choose the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer for each of the blanks from 1 to 10. Fill in the appropriate word in question 06

Education is more important today than ever before. It helps people acquire the skills they need for such everyday (1) ______ as reading a newspaper or managing their money. It also gives them the specialized training they may need to (2) ______ for a job or career. For example, a person must meet certain educational requirements and obtain a (3) ______ or certificate before he can practice law or medicine. Many fields, such as computer operation (4) ______ police work, require satisfactory completion of special training courses.

Education is also important (5) ______ it helps people get more out of life. It increases their knowledge and understanding of the world. It helps them (6) ______ the skills that make life more interesting and enjoyable, such as the skills (7) ______ to participate in a sport, paint a picture, or play a musical instrument. Such education becomes (8) ______ important as people gain more and more leisure time.

Education also helps people adjust to change. This habit has become (9) ______ because social changes today take place with increasing speed and affect the lives of more and more people. Education can help a person understand these changes and provide him (10) ______ the skills for adjusting to them.

Read the following passage and choose the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer for each of the blanks from 1 to 10. Fill in the appropriate word in question 07

Education is more important today than ever before. It helps people acquire the skills they need for such everyday (1) ______ as reading a newspaper or managing their money. It also gives them the specialized training they may need to (2) ______ for a job or career. For example, a person must meet certain educational requirements and obtain a (3) ______ or certificate before he can practice law or medicine. Many fields, such as computer operation (4) ______ police work, require satisfactory completion of special training courses.

Education is also important (5) ______ it helps people get more out of life. It increases their knowledge and understanding of the world. It helps them (6) ______ the skills that make life more interesting and enjoyable, such as the skills (7) ______ to participate in a sport, paint a picture, or play a musical instrument. Such education becomes (8) ______ important as people gain more and more leisure time.

Education also helps people adjust to change. This habit has become (9) ______ because social changes today take place with increasing speed and affect the lives of more and more people. Education can help a person understand these changes and provide him (10) ______ the skills for adjusting to them.

Read the following passage and choose the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer for each of the blanks from 1 to 10. Fill in the appropriate word in question 08

Education is more important today than ever before. It helps people acquire the skills they need for such everyday (1) ______ as reading a newspaper or managing their money. It also gives them the specialized training they may need to (2) ______ for a job or career. For example, a person must meet certain educational requirements and obtain a (3) ______ or certificate before he can practice law or medicine. Many fields, such as computer operation (4) ______ police work, require satisfactory completion of special training courses.

Education is also important (5) ______ it helps people get more out of life. It increases their knowledge and understanding of the world. It helps them (6) ______ the skills that make life more interesting and enjoyable, such as the skills (7) ______ to participate in a sport, paint a picture, or play a musical instrument. Such education becomes (8) ______ important as people gain more and more leisure time.

Education also helps people adjust to change. This habit has become (9) ______ because social changes today take place with increasing speed and affect the lives of more and more people. Education can help a person understand these changes and provide him (10) ______ the skills for adjusting to them.

Read the following passage and choose the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer for each of the blanks from 1 to 10. Fill in the appropriate word in question 09

Education is more important today than ever before. It helps people acquire the skills they need for such everyday (1) ______ as reading a newspaper or managing their money. It also gives them the specialized training they may need to (2) ______ for a job or career. For example, a person must meet certain educational requirements and obtain a (3) ______ or certificate before he can practice law or medicine. Many fields, such as computer operation (4) ______ police work, require satisfactory completion of special training courses.

Education is also important (5) ______ it helps people get more out of life. It increases their knowledge and understanding of the world. It helps them (6) ______ the skills that make life more interesting and enjoyable, such as the skills (7) ______ to participate in a sport, paint a picture, or play a musical instrument. Such education becomes (8) ______ important as people gain more and more leisure time.

Education also helps people adjust to change. This habit has become (9) ______ because social changes today take place with increasing speed and affect the lives of more and more people. Education can help a person understand these changes and provide him (10) ______ the skills for adjusting to them.

Read the following passage and choose the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer for each of the blanks from 1 to 10. Fill in the appropriate word in question 10

Education is more important today than ever before. It helps people acquire the skills they need for such everyday (1) ______ as reading a newspaper or managing their money. It also gives them the specialized training they may need to (2) ______ for a job or career. For example, a person must meet certain educational requirements and obtain a (3) ______ or certificate before he can practice law or medicine. Many fields, such as computer operation (4) ______ police work, require satisfactory completion of special training courses.

Education is also important (5) ______ it helps people get more out of life. It increases their knowledge and understanding of the world. It helps them (6) ______ the skills that make life more interesting and enjoyable, such as the skills (7) ______ to participate in a sport, paint a picture, or play a musical instrument. Such education becomes (8) ______ important as people gain more and more leisure time.

Education also helps people adjust to change. This habit has become (9) ______ because social changes today take place with increasing speed and affect the lives of more and more people. Education can help a person understand these changes and provide him (10) ______ the skills for adjusting to them.

Read the following passage and choose the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 11 to 20.

Although speech is generally accepted as the most advanced form of communication, there are many ways of communicating without using words. In every known culture, signals, signs, symbols, and gestures are commonly utilized as instruments of communication. There is a great deal of agreement among communication scientists as to what each of these methods is and how each differs from the others. For instance, the basic function of any signal is to impinge upon the environment in such a way that it attracts attention, as, for example, the dots and dashes that can be applied in a telegraph circuit. Coded to refer to speech, the potential for communication through these dots and dashes—short and long intervals as the circuit is broken—is very great. Less adaptable to the codification of words, signs also contain agreed upon meaning; that is, they convey information in and of themselves. Two examples are the hexagonal red sign that conveys the meaning of stop, and the red and white swirled pole outside a shop that communicates the meaning of barber.

Symbols are more difficult to describe than either signals or signs because of their intricate relationship with the receiver’s culture perceptions. In some cultures, applauding in a theater provides performers with an auditory symbol of approval. In other cultures, if done in unison, applauding can be a symbol of the audience’s discontent with the performance. Gestures such as weaving and handshaking also communicate certain culture messages.

Although signals, signs, symbols, and gestures are very useful, they also have a major disadvantage in communication. They usually do not allow ideas to be shared without the sender being directly adjacent to the receiver. Without an exchange of ideas, interaction comes to a halt. As a result, means of communication intended to be used across long distances and extended periods must be based upon speech. To radio, television, and the telephone, one must add fax, paging systems, electronic mail, and the internet, and no one doubts but that there are more means of communication on the horizon.

Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?

Read the following passage and choose the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 11 to 20.

Although speech is generally accepted as the most advanced form of communication, there are many ways of communicating without using words. In every known culture, signals, signs, symbols, and gestures are commonly utilized as instruments of communication. There is a great deal of agreement among communication scientists as to what each of these methods is and how each differs from the others. For instance, the basic function of any signal is to impinge upon the environment in such a way that it attracts attention, as, for example, the dots and dashes that can be applied in a telegraph circuit. Coded to refer to speech, the potential for communication through these dots and dashes—short and long intervals as the circuit is broken—is very great. Less adaptable to the codification of words, signs also contain agreed upon meaning; that is, they convey information in and of themselves. Two examples are the hexagonal red sign that conveys the meaning of stop, and the red and white swirled pole outside a shop that communicates the meaning of barber.

Symbols are more difficult to describe than either signals or signs because of their intricate relationship with the receiver’s culture perceptions. In some cultures, applauding in a theater provides performers with an auditory symbol of approval. In other cultures, if done in unison, applauding can be a symbol of the audience’s discontent with the performance. Gestures such as weaving and handshaking also communicate certain culture messages.

Although signals, signs, symbols, and gestures are very useful, they also have a major disadvantage in communication. They usually do not allow ideas to be shared without the sender being directly adjacent to the receiver. Without an exchange of ideas, interaction comes to a halt. As a result, means of communication intended to be used across long distances and extended periods must be based upon speech. To radio, television, and the telephone, one must add fax, paging systems, electronic mail, and the internet, and no one doubts but that there are more means of communication on the horizon.

What does the author say about speech?

Read the following passage and choose the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 11 to 20.

Although speech is generally accepted as the most advanced form of communication, there are many ways of communicating without using words. In every known culture, signals, signs, symbols, and gestures are commonly utilized as instruments of communication. There is a great deal of agreement among communication scientists as to what each of these methods is and how each differs from the others. For instance, the basic function of any signal is to impinge upon the environment in such a way that it attracts attention, as, for example, the dots and dashes that can be applied in a telegraph circuit. Coded to refer to speech, the potential for communication through these dots and dashes—short and long intervals as the circuit is broken—is very great. Less adaptable to the codification of words, signs also contain agreed upon meaning; that is, they convey information in and of themselves. Two examples are the hexagonal red sign that conveys the meaning of stop, and the red and white swirled pole outside a shop that communicates the meaning of barber.

Symbols are more difficult to describe than either signals or signs because of their intricate relationship with the receiver’s culture perceptions. In some cultures, applauding in a theater provides performers with an auditory symbol of approval. In other cultures, if done in unison, applauding can be a symbol of the audience’s discontent with the performance. Gestures such as weaving and handshaking also communicate certain culture messages.

Although signals, signs, symbols, and gestures are very useful, they also have a major disadvantage in communication. They usually do not allow ideas to be shared without the sender being directly adjacent to the receiver. Without an exchange of ideas, interaction comes to a halt. As a result, means of communication intended to be used across long distances and extended periods must be based upon speech. To radio, television, and the telephone, one must add fax, paging systems, electronic mail, and the internet, and no one doubts but that there are more means of communication on the horizon.

The phrase impinge upon in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ______.

Read the following passage and choose the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 11 to 20.

Although speech is generally accepted as the most advanced form of communication, there are many ways of communicating without using words. In every known culture, signals, signs, symbols, and gestures are commonly utilized as instruments of communication. There is a great deal of agreement among communication scientists as to what each of these methods is and how each differs from the others. For instance, the basic function of any signal is to impinge upon the environment in such a way that it attracts attention, as, for example, the dots and dashes that can be applied in a telegraph circuit. Coded to refer to speech, the potential for communication through these dots and dashes—short and long intervals as the circuit is broken—is very great. Less adaptable to the codification of words, signs also contain agreed upon meaning; that is, they convey information in and of themselves. Two examples are the hexagonal red sign that conveys the meaning of stop, and the red and white swirled pole outside a shop that communicates the meaning of barber.

Symbols are more difficult to describe than either signals or signs because of their intricate relationship with the receiver’s culture perceptions. In some cultures, applauding in a theater provides performers with an auditory symbol of approval. In other cultures, if done in unison, applauding can be a symbol of the audience’s discontent with the performance. Gestures such as weaving and handshaking also communicate certain culture messages.

Although signals, signs, symbols, and gestures are very useful, they also have a major disadvantage in communication. They usually do not allow ideas to be shared without the sender being directly adjacent to the receiver. Without an exchange of ideas, interaction comes to a halt. As a result, means of communication intended to be used across long distances and extended periods must be based upon speech. To radio, television, and the telephone, one must add fax, paging systems, electronic mail, and the internet, and no one doubts but that there are more means of communication on the horizon.

The word it in paragraph 1 refers to ______.

Read the following passage and choose the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 11 to 20.

Although speech is generally accepted as the most advanced form of communication, there are many ways of communicating without using words. In every known culture, signals, signs, symbols, and gestures are commonly utilized as instruments of communication. There is a great deal of agreement among communication scientists as to what each of these methods is and how each differs from the others. For instance, the basic function of any signal is to impinge upon the environment in such a way that it attracts attention, as, for example, the dots and dashes that can be applied in a telegraph circuit. Coded to refer to speech, the potential for communication through these dots and dashes—short and long intervals as the circuit is broken—is very great. Less adaptable to the codification of words, signs also contain agreed upon meaning; that is, they convey information in and of themselves. Two examples are the hexagonal red sign that conveys the meaning of stop, and the red and white swirled pole outside a shop that communicates the meaning of barber.

Symbols are more difficult to describe than either signals or signs because of their intricate relationship with the receiver’s culture perceptions. In some cultures, applauding in a theater provides performers with an auditory symbol of approval. In other cultures, if done in unison, applauding can be a symbol of the audience’s discontent with the performance. Gestures such as weaving and handshaking also communicate certain culture messages.

Although signals, signs, symbols, and gestures are very useful, they also have a major disadvantage in communication. They usually do not allow ideas to be shared without the sender being directly adjacent to the receiver. Without an exchange of ideas, interaction comes to a halt. As a result, means of communication intended to be used across long distances and extended periods must be based upon speech. To radio, television, and the telephone, one must add fax, paging systems, electronic mail, and the internet, and no one doubts but that there are more means of communication on the horizon.

The word potential in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by ______.

Read the following passage and choose the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 11 to 20.

Although speech is generally accepted as the most advanced form of communication, there are many ways of communicating without using words. In every known culture, signals, signs, symbols, and gestures are commonly utilized as instruments of communication. There is a great deal of agreement among communication scientists as to what each of these methods is and how each differs from the others. For instance, the basic function of any signal is to impinge upon the environment in such a way that it attracts attention, as, for example, the dots and dashes that can be applied in a telegraph circuit. Coded to refer to speech, the potential for communication through these dots and dashes—short and long intervals as the circuit is broken—is very great. Less adaptable to the codification of words, signs also contain agreed upon meaning; that is, they convey information in and of themselves. Two examples are the hexagonal red sign that conveys the meaning of stop, and the red and white swirled pole outside a shop that communicates the meaning of barber.

Symbols are more difficult to describe than either signals or signs because of their intricate relationship with the receiver’s culture perceptions. In some cultures, applauding in a theater provides performers with an auditory symbol of approval. In other cultures, if done in unison, applauding can be a symbol of the audience’s discontent with the performance. Gestures such as weaving and handshaking also communicate certain culture messages.

Although signals, signs, symbols, and gestures are very useful, they also have a major disadvantage in communication. They usually do not allow ideas to be shared without the sender being directly adjacent to the receiver. Without an exchange of ideas, interaction comes to a halt. As a result, means of communication intended to be used across long distances and extended periods must be based upon speech. To radio, television, and the telephone, one must add fax, paging systems, electronic mail, and the internet, and no one doubts but that there are more means of communication on the horizon.

The word themselves in paragraph 1 refers to ______.

Read the following passage and choose the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 11 to 20.

Although speech is generally accepted as the most advanced form of communication, there are many ways of communicating without using words. In every known culture, signals, signs, symbols, and gestures are commonly utilized as instruments of communication. There is a great deal of agreement among communication scientists as to what each of these methods is and how each differs from the others. For instance, the basic function of any signal is to impinge upon the environment in such a way that it attracts attention, as, for example, the dots and dashes that can be applied in a telegraph circuit. Coded to refer to speech, the potential for communication through these dots and dashes—short and long intervals as the circuit is broken—is very great. Less adaptable to the codification of words, signs also contain agreed upon meaning; that is, they convey information in and of themselves. Two examples are the hexagonal red sign that conveys the meaning of stop, and the red and white swirled pole outside a shop that communicates the meaning of barber.

Symbols are more difficult to describe than either signals or signs because of their intricate relationship with the receiver’s culture perceptions. In some cultures, applauding in a theater provides performers with an auditory symbol of approval. In other cultures, if done in unison, applauding can be a symbol of the audience’s discontent with the performance. Gestures such as weaving and handshaking also communicate certain culture messages.

Although signals, signs, symbols, and gestures are very useful, they also have a major disadvantage in communication. They usually do not allow ideas to be shared without the sender being directly adjacent to the receiver. Without an exchange of ideas, interaction comes to a halt. As a result, means of communication intended to be used across long distances and extended periods must be based upon speech. To radio, television, and the telephone, one must add fax, paging systems, electronic mail, and the internet, and no one doubts but that there are more means of communication on the horizon.

sentence in paragraph 1 defines the function of a signal?

Read the following passage and choose the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 11 to 20.

Although speech is generally accepted as the most advanced form of communication, there are many ways of communicating without using words. In every known culture, signals, signs, symbols, and gestures are commonly utilized as instruments of communication. There is a great deal of agreement among communication scientists as to what each of these methods is and how each differs from the others. For instance, the basic function of any signal is to impinge upon the environment in such a way that it attracts attention, as, for example, the dots and dashes that can be applied in a telegraph circuit. Coded to refer to speech, the potential for communication through these dots and dashes—short and long intervals as the circuit is broken—is very great. Less adaptable to the codification of words, signs also contain agreed upon meaning; that is, they convey information in and of themselves. Two examples are the hexagonal red sign that conveys the meaning of stop, and the red and white swirled pole outside a shop that communicates the meaning of barber.

Symbols are more difficult to describe than either signals or signs because of their intricate relationship with the receiver’s culture perceptions. In some cultures, applauding in a theater provides performers with an auditory symbol of approval. In other cultures, if done in unison, applauding can be a symbol of the audience’s discontent with the performance. Gestures such as weaving and handshaking also communicate certain culture messages.

Although signals, signs, symbols, and gestures are very useful, they also have a major disadvantage in communication. They usually do not allow ideas to be shared without the sender being directly adjacent to the receiver. Without an exchange of ideas, interaction comes to a halt. As a result, means of communication intended to be used across long distances and extended periods must be based upon speech. To radio, television, and the telephone, one must add fax, paging systems, electronic mail, and the internet, and no one doubts but that there are more means of communication on the horizon.

The word intricate in paragraph 2 could be best replaced by which of the following?

Read the following passage and choose the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 11 to 20.

Although speech is generally accepted as the most advanced form of communication, there are many ways of communicating without using words. In every known culture, signals, signs, symbols, and gestures are commonly utilized as instruments of communication. There is a great deal of agreement among communication scientists as to what each of these methods is and how each differs from the others. For instance, the basic function of any signal is to impinge upon the environment in such a way that it attracts attention, as, for example, the dots and dashes that can be applied in a telegraph circuit. Coded to refer to speech, the potential for communication through these dots and dashes—short and long intervals as the circuit is broken—is very great. Less adaptable to the codification of words, signs also contain agreed upon meaning; that is, they convey information in and of themselves. Two examples are the hexagonal red sign that conveys the meaning of stop, and the red and white swirled pole outside a shop that communicates the meaning of barber.

Symbols are more difficult to describe than either signals or signs because of their intricate relationship with the receiver’s culture perceptions. In some cultures, applauding in a theater provides performers with an auditory symbol of approval. In other cultures, if done in unison, applauding can be a symbol of the audience’s discontent with the performance. Gestures such as weaving and handshaking also communicate certain culture messages.

Although signals, signs, symbols, and gestures are very useful, they also have a major disadvantage in communication. They usually do not allow ideas to be shared without the sender being directly adjacent to the receiver. Without an exchange of ideas, interaction comes to a halt. As a result, means of communication intended to be used across long distances and extended periods must be based upon speech. To radio, television, and the telephone, one must add fax, paging systems, electronic mail, and the internet, and no one doubts but that there are more means of communication on the horizon.

Applauding was cited as an example of ______.

Read the following passage and choose the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 11 to 20.

Although speech is generally accepted as the most advanced form of communication, there are many ways of communicating without using words. In every known culture, signals, signs, symbols, and gestures are commonly utilized as instruments of communication. There is a great deal of agreement among communication scientists as to what each of these methods is and how each differs from the others. For instance, the basic function of any signal is to impinge upon the environment in such a way that it attracts attention, as, for example, the dots and dashes that can be applied in a telegraph circuit. Coded to refer to speech, the potential for communication through these dots and dashes—short and long intervals as the circuit is broken—is very great. Less adaptable to the codification of words, signs also contain agreed upon meaning; that is, they convey information in and of themselves. Two examples are the hexagonal red sign that conveys the meaning of stop, and the red and white swirled pole outside a shop that communicates the meaning of barber.

Symbols are more difficult to describe than either signals or signs because of their intricate relationship with the receiver’s culture perceptions. In some cultures, applauding in a theater provides performers with an auditory symbol of approval. In other cultures, if done in unison, applauding can be a symbol of the audience’s discontent with the performance. Gestures such as weaving and handshaking also communicate certain culture messages.

Although signals, signs, symbols, and gestures are very useful, they also have a major disadvantage in communication. They usually do not allow ideas to be shared without the sender being directly adjacent to the receiver. Without an exchange of ideas, interaction comes to a halt. As a result, means of communication intended to be used across long distances and extended periods must be based upon speech. To radio, television, and the telephone, one must add fax, paging systems, electronic mail, and the internet, and no one doubts but that there are more means of communication on the horizon.

Why were the telephone, radio, and TV invented?

Choose the best option A, B, C or D to complete each of the sentences from 21 to 39.

When I last saw him, he ______ in London.

Choose the best option A, B, C or D to complete each of the sentences from 21 to 39.

The firemen did well ______ their preparation for catastrophic gas explosions.

Choose the best option A, B, C or D to complete each of the sentences from 21 to 39.

Jack Ma or Ma Yun, ______ parents are traditional musician-storytellers, is the founder and executive chairman of Alibaba Group, a family of highly successful Internet-based businesses.

Choose the best option A, B, C or D to complete each of the sentences from 21 to 39.

You ______ take your umbrella along with you today. The weatherman on the news said there's a storm north of here and it ______ rain later on this afternoon.

Choose the best option A, B, C or D to complete each of the sentences from 21 to 39.

Everyone on the roller coaster, including Martha and Angie, ______ that the hot dogs, onion rings, funnel cake, and cotton candy will stay down during the twisting ride to come.

Choose the best option A, B, C or D to complete each of the sentences from 21 to 39.

Considering how little they’ve got in common, it’s surprising how well they ______ together.

Choose the best option A, B, C or D to complete each of the sentences from 21 to 39.

We are ______ no obligation to change goods which were not purchased here.

Choose the best option A, B, C or D to complete each of the sentences from 21 to 39.

We can’t even walk in the storm. Let’s wait in the hallway where we’ll be ______ the strong winds until things quiet down.

Choose the best option A, B, C or D to complete each of the sentences from 21 to 39.

Where’s that ______ dress that your grandma gave you?

Choose the best option A, B, C or D to complete each of the sentences from 21 to 39.

“Sorry, I was late again this morning.” – “______.”

Choose the best option A, B, C or D to complete each of the sentences from 21 to 39.

He was ______ when I had those problems and said whatever I did he would stand by me.

Choose the best option A, B, C or D to complete each of the sentences from 21 to 39.

All the cereal grains ______ grow on the prairies and plains of the United States.

Choose the best option A, B, C or D to complete each of the sentences from 21 to 39.

“______?” – “Yeah, down this street, on the left.”

Choose the best option A, B, C or D to complete each of the sentences from 21 to 39.

If you say you are using a word ______, you mean you are choosing it after thinking about it very carefully.

Choose the best option A, B, C or D to complete each of the sentences from 21 to 39.

There are ten pieces of fruit in my basket. One is an orange, one is a grape and ______ is an apple.

Choose the best option A, B, C or D to complete each of the sentences from 21 to 39.

In some countries, on moral ______ that education should not be taxed, there is no tax on books.

Choose the best option A, B, C or D to complete each of the sentences from 21 to 39.

Unless Ray ______ here soon, I’m going to leave because I’m getting bored.

Choose the best option A, B, C or D to complete each of the sentences from 21 to 39.

It doesn't matter to me one way or another, but I wish you would at least ______ an effort at seeing his side of it.

Choose the best option A, B, C or D to complete each of the sentences from 21 to 39.

At first he didn’t agree, but in the end we managed to bring him ______ to our point of view.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions.

All nations may have to make (A) fundamental changes (B) in their economic, political, and the technological institutions (C) if they are to preserve (D) environment.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions.

The closer(A)  it gets to December 21, the first day of winter(B) , the short(C)  the days become(D) .

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions.

Jim must(A)  have asked for(B)  help instead of trying(C)  to do it himself(D) .

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions.

The Golden Gate, painting(A)  a bright red-orange called(B)  "International Orange", requires repainting(C)  every year because of(D)  the salty, corrosive air.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions.

At least three-quarters(A)  of that book on famous(B)  Americans are(C)  about people who lived(D)  in the nineteenth century.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.

Whenever problems come up, we discuss them frankly and find solutions quickly.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.

Adverse reviews in the New York press may greatly change the prospects of a new Broadway production.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.

Engineers are still trying to come up with a commercially viable replacement for internal-combustion engines.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.

I have a modest little glass fish tank where I keep a variety of small fish.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.

During the five-decade history the Asian Games have been advancing in all aspects.

Read the following passage and choose the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 55 to 64.

A number of factors related to the voice reveal the personality of the speaker. The first is the broad area of communication, which includes imparting information by use of language, communicating with a group or an individual and specialized communication through performance. A person conveys thoughts and ideas through choice of words, by a tone of voice that is pleasant or unpleasant, gentle or harsh, by the rhythm that is inherent within the language itself, and by speech rhythms that are flowing and regular or uneven and hesitant, and finally, by the pitch and melody of the utterance. When speaking before a group, a person's tone may indicate uncertainty or fright, confidence or calm. At interpersonal levels, the tone may reflect ideas and feelings over and above the words chosen, or may believe them. Here the participant’s tone can consciously or unconsciously reflect intuitive sympathy or antipathy, lack of concern or interest, fatigue, anxiety, enthusiasm or excitement, all of which are .usually discernible by the acute listener. Public performance is a manner of communication that is highly specialized with its own techniques for obtaining effects by voice and /or gesture. The motivation derived from the text, and in the case of singing, the music, in combination with the performer's skills, personality, and ability to create empathy will determine the success of artistic, political, or pedagogic communication.

Second, the voice gives psychological clues to a person's self-image, perception of others, and emotional health. Self-image can be indicated by a tone of voice that is confident, pretentious, shy, aggressive, outgoing, or exuberant, to name only a few personality traits. Also the sound may give a clue to the facade or mask of that person, for example, a shy person hiding behind an overconfident front. How a speaker perceives the listener's receptiveness, interest, or sympathy in any given conversation can drastically alter the tone of presentation, by encouraging or discouraging the speaker. Emotional health is evidenced in the voice by free and melodic sounds of the happy, by constricted and harsh sound of the angry, and by dull and lethargic qualities of the depressed.

What does the passage mainly discuss?

Read the following passage and choose the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 55 to 64.

A number of factors related to the voice reveal the personality of the speaker. The first is the broad area of communication, which includes imparting information by use of language, communicating with a group or an individual and specialized communication through performance. A person conveys thoughts and ideas through choice of words, by a tone of voice that is pleasant or unpleasant, gentle or harsh, by the rhythm that is inherent within the language itself, and by speech rhythms that are flowing and regular or uneven and hesitant, and finally, by the pitch and melody of the utterance. When speaking before a group, a person's tone may indicate uncertainty or fright, confidence or calm. At interpersonal levels, the tone may reflect ideas and feelings over and above the words chosen, or may believe them. Here the participant’s tone can consciously or unconsciously reflect intuitive sympathy or antipathy, lack of concern or interest, fatigue, anxiety, enthusiasm or excitement, all of which are .usually discernible by the acute listener. Public performance is a manner of communication that is highly specialized with its own techniques for obtaining effects by voice and /or gesture. The motivation derived from the text, and in the case of singing, the music, in combination with the performer's skills, personality, and ability to create empathy will determine the success of artistic, political, or pedagogic communication.

Second, the voice gives psychological clues to a person's self-image, perception of others, and emotional health. Self-image can be indicated by a tone of voice that is confident, pretentious, shy, aggressive, outgoing, or exuberant, to name only a few personality traits. Also the sound may give a clue to the facade or mask of that person, for example, a shy person hiding behind an overconfident front. How a speaker perceives the listener's receptiveness, interest, or sympathy in any given conversation can drastically alter the tone of presentation, by encouraging or discouraging the speaker. Emotional health is evidenced in the voice by free and melodic sounds of the happy, by constricted and harsh sound of the angry, and by dull and lethargic qualities of the depressed.

What does the author mean by saying that: "At interpersonal levels, the tone may reflect ideas and feelings over and above the words chosen"?

Read the following passage and choose the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 55 to 64.

A number of factors related to the voice reveal the personality of the speaker. The first is the broad area of communication, which includes imparting information by use of language, communicating with a group or an individual and specialized communication through performance. A person conveys thoughts and ideas through choice of words, by a tone of voice that is pleasant or unpleasant, gentle or harsh, by the rhythm that is inherent within the language itself, and by speech rhythms that are flowing and regular or uneven and hesitant, and finally, by the pitch and melody of the utterance. When speaking before a group, a person's tone may indicate uncertainty or fright, confidence or calm. At interpersonal levels, the tone may reflect ideas and feelings over and above the words chosen, or may believe them. Here the participant’s tone can consciously or unconsciously reflect intuitive sympathy or antipathy, lack of concern or interest, fatigue, anxiety, enthusiasm or excitement, all of which are .usually discernible by the acute listener. Public performance is a manner of communication that is highly specialized with its own techniques for obtaining effects by voice and /or gesture. The motivation derived from the text, and in the case of singing, the music, in combination with the performer's skills, personality, and ability to create empathy will determine the success of artistic, political, or pedagogic communication.

Second, the voice gives psychological clues to a person's self-image, perception of others, and emotional health. Self-image can be indicated by a tone of voice that is confident, pretentious, shy, aggressive, outgoing, or exuberant, to name only a few personality traits. Also the sound may give a clue to the facade or mask of that person, for example, a shy person hiding behind an overconfident front. How a speaker perceives the listener's receptiveness, interest, or sympathy in any given conversation can drastically alter the tone of presentation, by encouraging or discouraging the speaker. Emotional health is evidenced in the voice by free and melodic sounds of the happy, by constricted and harsh sound of the angry, and by dull and lethargic qualities of the depressed.

The word Here in line 9 refers to ______.

Read the following passage and choose the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 55 to 64.

A number of factors related to the voice reveal the personality of the speaker. The first is the broad area of communication, which includes imparting information by use of language, communicating with a group or an individual and specialized communication through performance. A person conveys thoughts and ideas through choice of words, by a tone of voice that is pleasant or unpleasant, gentle or harsh, by the rhythm that is inherent within the language itself, and by speech rhythms that are flowing and regular or uneven and hesitant, and finally, by the pitch and melody of the utterance. When speaking before a group, a person's tone may indicate uncertainty or fright, confidence or calm. At interpersonal levels, the tone may reflect ideas and feelings over and above the words chosen, or may believe them. Here the participant’s tone can consciously or unconsciously reflect intuitive sympathy or antipathy, lack of concern or interest, fatigue, anxiety, enthusiasm or excitement, all of which are .usually discernible by the acute listener. Public performance is a manner of communication that is highly specialized with its own techniques for obtaining effects by voice and /or gesture. The motivation derived from the text, and in the case of singing, the music, in combination with the performer's skills, personality, and ability to create empathy will determine the success of artistic, political, or pedagogic communication.

Second, the voice gives psychological clues to a person's self-image, perception of others, and emotional health. Self-image can be indicated by a tone of voice that is confident, pretentious, shy, aggressive, outgoing, or exuberant, to name only a few personality traits. Also the sound may give a clue to the facade or mask of that person, for example, a shy person hiding behind an overconfident front. How a speaker perceives the listener's receptiveness, interest, or sympathy in any given conversation can drastically alter the tone of presentation, by encouraging or discouraging the speaker. Emotional health is evidenced in the voice by free and melodic sounds of the happy, by constricted and harsh sound of the angry, and by dull and lethargic qualities of the depressed.

The word derived in line 13 is closest in meaning to______.

Read the following passage and choose the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 55 to 64.

A number of factors related to the voice reveal the personality of the speaker. The first is the broad area of communication, which includes imparting information by use of language, communicating with a group or an individual and specialized communication through performance. A person conveys thoughts and ideas through choice of words, by a tone of voice that is pleasant or unpleasant, gentle or harsh, by the rhythm that is inherent within the language itself, and by speech rhythms that are flowing and regular or uneven and hesitant, and finally, by the pitch and melody of the utterance. When speaking before a group, a person's tone may indicate uncertainty or fright, confidence or calm. At interpersonal levels, the tone may reflect ideas and feelings over and above the words chosen, or may believe them. Here the participant’s tone can consciously or unconsciously reflect intuitive sympathy or antipathy, lack of concern or interest, fatigue, anxiety, enthusiasm or excitement, all of which are .usually discernible by the acute listener. Public performance is a manner of communication that is highly specialized with its own techniques for obtaining effects by voice and /or gesture. The motivation derived from the text, and in the case of singing, the music, in combination with the performer's skills, personality, and ability to create empathy will determine the success of artistic, political, or pedagogic communication.

Second, the voice gives psychological clues to a person's self-image, perception of others, and emotional health. Self-image can be indicated by a tone of voice that is confident, pretentious, shy, aggressive, outgoing, or exuberant, to name only a few personality traits. Also the sound may give a clue to the facade or mask of that person, for example, a shy person hiding behind an overconfident front. How a speaker perceives the listener's receptiveness, interest, or sympathy in any given conversation can drastically alter the tone of presentation, by encouraging or discouraging the speaker. Emotional health is evidenced in the voice by free and melodic sounds of the happy, by constricted and harsh sound of the angry, and by dull and lethargic qualities of the depressed.

Why does the author mention "artistic, political, or pedagogic communication" in line 15?

Read the following passage and choose the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 55 to 64.

A number of factors related to the voice reveal the personality of the speaker. The first is the broad area of communication, which includes imparting information by use of language, communicating with a group or an individual and specialized communication through performance. A person conveys thoughts and ideas through choice of words, by a tone of voice that is pleasant or unpleasant, gentle or harsh, by the rhythm that is inherent within the language itself, and by speech rhythms that are flowing and regular or uneven and hesitant, and finally, by the pitch and melody of the utterance. When speaking before a group, a person's tone may indicate uncertainty or fright, confidence or calm. At interpersonal levels, the tone may reflect ideas and feelings over and above the words chosen, or may believe them. Here the participant’s tone can consciously or unconsciously reflect intuitive sympathy or antipathy, lack of concern or interest, fatigue, anxiety, enthusiasm or excitement, all of which are .usually discernible by the acute listener. Public performance is a manner of communication that is highly specialized with its own techniques for obtaining effects by voice and /or gesture. The motivation derived from the text, and in the case of singing, the music, in combination with the performer's skills, personality, and ability to create empathy will determine the success of artistic, political, or pedagogic communication.

Second, the voice gives psychological clues to a person's self-image, perception of others, and emotional health. Self-image can be indicated by a tone of voice that is confident, pretentious, shy, aggressive, outgoing, or exuberant, to name only a few personality traits. Also the sound may give a clue to the facade or mask of that person, for example, a shy person hiding behind an overconfident front. How a speaker perceives the listener's receptiveness, interest, or sympathy in any given conversation can drastically alter the tone of presentation, by encouraging or discouraging the speaker. Emotional health is evidenced in the voice by free and melodic sounds of the happy, by constricted and harsh sound of the angry, and by dull and lethargic qualities of the depressed.

According to the passage, an exuberant tone of voice may be an indication of a person's ______.

Read the following passage and choose the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 55 to 64.

A number of factors related to the voice reveal the personality of the speaker. The first is the broad area of communication, which includes imparting information by use of language, communicating with a group or an individual and specialized communication through performance. A person conveys thoughts and ideas through choice of words, by a tone of voice that is pleasant or unpleasant, gentle or harsh, by the rhythm that is inherent within the language itself, and by speech rhythms that are flowing and regular or uneven and hesitant, and finally, by the pitch and melody of the utterance. When speaking before a group, a person's tone may indicate uncertainty or fright, confidence or calm. At interpersonal levels, the tone may reflect ideas and feelings over and above the words chosen, or may believe them. Here the participant’s tone can consciously or unconsciously reflect intuitive sympathy or antipathy, lack of concern or interest, fatigue, anxiety, enthusiasm or excitement, all of which are .usually discernible by the acute listener. Public performance is a manner of communication that is highly specialized with its own techniques for obtaining effects by voice and /or gesture. The motivation derived from the text, and in the case of singing, the music, in combination with the performer's skills, personality, and ability to create empathy will determine the success of artistic, political, or pedagogic communication.

Second, the voice gives psychological clues to a person's self-image, perception of others, and emotional health. Self-image can be indicated by a tone of voice that is confident, pretentious, shy, aggressive, outgoing, or exuberant, to name only a few personality traits. Also the sound may give a clue to the facade or mask of that person, for example, a shy person hiding behind an overconfident front. How a speaker perceives the listener's receptiveness, interest, or sympathy in any given conversation can drastically alter the tone of presentation, by encouraging or discouraging the speaker. Emotional health is evidenced in the voice by free and melodic sounds of the happy, by constricted and harsh sound of the angry, and by dull and lethargic qualities of the depressed.

According to the passage, an overconfident front may hide ______.

Read the following passage and choose the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 55 to 64.

A number of factors related to the voice reveal the personality of the speaker. The first is the broad area of communication, which includes imparting information by use of language, communicating with a group or an individual and specialized communication through performance. A person conveys thoughts and ideas through choice of words, by a tone of voice that is pleasant or unpleasant, gentle or harsh, by the rhythm that is inherent within the language itself, and by speech rhythms that are flowing and regular or uneven and hesitant, and finally, by the pitch and melody of the utterance. When speaking before a group, a person's tone may indicate uncertainty or fright, confidence or calm. At interpersonal levels, the tone may reflect ideas and feelings over and above the words chosen, or may believe them. Here the participant’s tone can consciously or unconsciously reflect intuitive sympathy or antipathy, lack of concern or interest, fatigue, anxiety, enthusiasm or excitement, all of which are .usually discernible by the acute listener. Public performance is a manner of communication that is highly specialized with its own techniques for obtaining effects by voice and /or gesture. The motivation derived from the text, and in the case of singing, the music, in combination with the performer's skills, personality, and ability to create empathy will determine the success of artistic, political, or pedagogic communication.

Second, the voice gives psychological clues to a person's self-image, perception of others, and emotional health. Self-image can be indicated by a tone of voice that is confident, pretentious, shy, aggressive, outgoing, or exuberant, to name only a few personality traits. Also the sound may give a clue to the facade or mask of that person, for example, a shy person hiding behind an overconfident front. How a speaker perceives the listener's receptiveness, interest, or sympathy in any given conversation can drastically alter the tone of presentation, by encouraging or discouraging the speaker. Emotional health is evidenced in the voice by free and melodic sounds of the happy, by constricted and harsh sound of the angry, and by dull and lethargic qualities of the depressed.

The word drastically in line 21 is closest in meaning to ______.

Read the following passage and choose the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 55 to 64.

A number of factors related to the voice reveal the personality of the speaker. The first is the broad area of communication, which includes imparting information by use of language, communicating with a group or an individual and specialized communication through performance. A person conveys thoughts and ideas through choice of words, by a tone of voice that is pleasant or unpleasant, gentle or harsh, by the rhythm that is inherent within the language itself, and by speech rhythms that are flowing and regular or uneven and hesitant, and finally, by the pitch and melody of the utterance. When speaking before a group, a person's tone may indicate uncertainty or fright, confidence or calm. At interpersonal levels, the tone may reflect ideas and feelings over and above the words chosen, or may believe them. Here the participant’s tone can consciously or unconsciously reflect intuitive sympathy or antipathy, lack of concern or interest, fatigue, anxiety, enthusiasm or excitement, all of which are .usually discernible by the acute listener. Public performance is a manner of communication that is highly specialized with its own techniques for obtaining effects by voice and /or gesture. The motivation derived from the text, and in the case of singing, the music, in combination with the performer's skills, personality, and ability to create empathy will determine the success of artistic, political, or pedagogic communication.

Second, the voice gives psychological clues to a person's self-image, perception of others, and emotional health. Self-image can be indicated by a tone of voice that is confident, pretentious, shy, aggressive, outgoing, or exuberant, to name only a few personality traits. Also the sound may give a clue to the facade or mask of that person, for example, a shy person hiding behind an overconfident front. How a speaker perceives the listener's receptiveness, interest, or sympathy in any given conversation can drastically alter the tone of presentation, by encouraging or discouraging the speaker. Emotional health is evidenced in the voice by free and melodic sounds of the happy, by constricted and harsh sound of the angry, and by dull and lethargic qualities of the depressed.

The word evidenced in line 22 is closest in meaning to ______.

Read the following passage and choose the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 55 to 64.

A number of factors related to the voice reveal the personality of the speaker. The first is the broad area of communication, which includes imparting information by use of language, communicating with a group or an individual and specialized communication through performance. A person conveys thoughts and ideas through choice of words, by a tone of voice that is pleasant or unpleasant, gentle or harsh, by the rhythm that is inherent within the language itself, and by speech rhythms that are flowing and regular or uneven and hesitant, and finally, by the pitch and melody of the utterance. When speaking before a group, a person's tone may indicate uncertainty or fright, confidence or calm. At interpersonal levels, the tone may reflect ideas and feelings over and above the words chosen, or may believe them. Here the participant’s tone can consciously or unconsciously reflect intuitive sympathy or antipathy, lack of concern or interest, fatigue, anxiety, enthusiasm or excitement, all of which are .usually discernible by the acute listener. Public performance is a manner of communication that is highly specialized with its own techniques for obtaining effects by voice and /or gesture. The motivation derived from the text, and in the case of singing, the music, in combination with the performer's skills, personality, and ability to create empathy will determine the success of artistic, political, or pedagogic communication.

Second, the voice gives psychological clues to a person's self-image, perception of others, and emotional health. Self-image can be indicated by a tone of voice that is confident, pretentious, shy, aggressive, outgoing, or exuberant, to name only a few personality traits. Also the sound may give a clue to the facade or mask of that person, for example, a shy person hiding behind an overconfident front. How a speaker perceives the listener's receptiveness, interest, or sympathy in any given conversation can drastically alter the tone of presentation, by encouraging or discouraging the speaker. Emotional health is evidenced in the voice by free and melodic sounds of the happy, by constricted and harsh sound of the angry, and by dull and lethargic qualities of the depressed.

According to the passage, what does a constricted and harsh voice indicate?