Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 38 to 45. 

The oceans are so vast and deep that until fairly recently, it was widely assumed that no matter how trash and chemicals humans dumped into them, the effects would be negligible. Proponents of dumping in the oceans even had a catchphrase: "The solution to pollution is dilution." 

Today, we need look no further than the New Jersey–size dead zone that forms each summer in the Mississippi River Delta, or the thousand–mile–wide swath of decomposing plastic in the northern Pacific

Ocean to see that this "dilution" policy has helped place a once flourishing ocean ecosystem on the brink of collapse. 

There is evidence that the oceans have suffered at the hands of mankind for millennia. But recent studies show that degradation, particularly of shoreline areas, has accelerated dramatically in the past three centuries as industrial discharge and run–off from farms and coastal cities have increased. 

Pollution is the introduction of harmful contaminants that are outside the norm for a given ecosystem. Common man–made pollutants reaching the oceans include pesticides, herbicides, chemical fertilizers, detergents, oil, sewage, plastics, and other solids. Many of these pollutants collect at the ocean's depths, where they are consumed by small marine organisms and introduced into the global food chain. 

Many ocean pollutants are released into the environment far upstream from coastlines. Nitrogen–rich fertilizers applied by farmers inland, for example, end up in local streams, rivers, and groundwater and are eventually deposited in estuaries, bays, and deltas. These excess nutrients can spawn massive blooms of algae that rob the water of oxygen, leaving areas where little or no marine life can exist. 

Solid wastes like bags, foam, and other items dumped into the oceans from land or by ships at sea are frequently consumed, with often fatal effects, by marine mammals, fish, and birds that mistake them for food. Discarded fishing nets drift for many years, ensnaring fish and mammals. In certain regions, ocean currents corral trillions of decomposing plastic items and other trash into gigantic, swirling garbage patches. One in the North Pacific, known as the Pacific Trash Vortex, is estimated to be the size of Texas. 

Pollution is not always physical. In large bodies of water, sound waves can carry undiminished for miles. The increased presence of loud or persistent sounds from ships, sonar devices, oil rigs, and even from natural sources like earthquakes can disrupt the migration, communication, and reproduction patterns of many marine animals, particularly aquatic mammals like whales and dolphins. 

(Source: Reading Advantage by Casey Malarcher)

Accordimg to the passage, nitrogen–rich fertilizers _______.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word for each of the blanks from 28 to 32.

In the early twentieth century, an American woman named Emily Post wrote a book on etiquette. This book explained the proper behavior Americans should follow in many different social (28)______, from birthday parties to funerals. But in modern society, it is not simply to know the proper rules for behavior in your own country. It is necessary for people (29)______ work or travel abroad to understand the rules of etiquette in other cultures as well.

Cultural (30)______ can be found in such simple processes as giving or receiving a gift. In Western cultures, a gift can be given to the receiver with relatively little ceremony. When a gift is offered, the receiver usually takes the gift and expresses his or her thanks. (31)______, in some Asian countries, the act of gift–giving may appear confusing to Westerners. In Chinese culture, both the giver and receiver understand that the receiver will typically refuse to take the gift several times before he or she finally accepts it. In addition, to (32)______ respect for the receiver, it is common in several Asian cultures to use both hands when offering a gift to another person.

(Source: Reading Advantage by Casey Malarcher)

Điền vào ô 28

Animals like frogs have waterproof skin that prevents it from drying out quickly in air, sun or wind.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions.

He was successful in his career thanks to his parents’ support.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best combines each pair of sentences in the following questions.

We cannot completely avoid stress in our lives. We need to find ways to cope with it.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word or phrase that is CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined part in each of the following questions.

I just want to stay at home and watch TV and take it easy.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word for each of the blanks from 28 to 32.

In the early twentieth century, an American woman named Emily Post wrote a book on etiquette. This book explained the proper behavior Americans should follow in many different social (28)______, from birthday parties to funerals. But in modern society, it is not simply to know the proper rules for behavior in your own country. It is necessary for people (29)______ work or travel abroad to understand the rules of etiquette in other cultures as well.

Cultural (30)______ can be found in such simple processes as giving or receiving a gift. In Western cultures, a gift can be given to the receiver with relatively little ceremony. When a gift is offered, the receiver usually takes the gift and expresses his or her thanks. (31)______, in some Asian countries, the act of gift–giving may appear confusing to Westerners. In Chinese culture, both the giver and receiver understand that the receiver will typically refuse to take the gift several times before he or she finally accepts it. In addition, to (32)______ respect for the receiver, it is common in several Asian cultures to use both hands when offering a gift to another person.

(Source: Reading Advantage by Casey Malarcher)

Điền vào ô 29

_______ man suffering from _____ shock should not be given anything to drink.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions.

He visited London three years ago.

The students don’t know how to do the exercises _______ by the teacher yesterday.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word for each of the blanks from 28 to 32.

In the early twentieth century, an American woman named Emily Post wrote a book on etiquette. This book explained the proper behavior Americans should follow in many different social (28)______, from birthday parties to funerals. But in modern society, it is not simply to know the proper rules for behavior in your own country. It is necessary for people (29)______ work or travel abroad to understand the rules of etiquette in other cultures as well.

Cultural (30)______ can be found in such simple processes as giving or receiving a gift. In Western cultures, a gift can be given to the receiver with relatively little ceremony. When a gift is offered, the receiver usually takes the gift and expresses his or her thanks. (31)______, in some Asian countries, the act of gift–giving may appear confusing to Westerners. In Chinese culture, both the giver and receiver understand that the receiver will typically refuse to take the gift several times before he or she finally accepts it. In addition, to (32)______ respect for the receiver, it is common in several Asian cultures to use both hands when offering a gift to another person.

(Source: Reading Advantage by Casey Malarcher)

Điền vào ô 31

Many educationalists feel that continue _______ is fairer than formal examinations.

If I ______ that there was a test yesterday, I would not be punished now.

Scarcely had he stepped out of the room ______ he heard a loud laughter within.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions.

“We will not leave until we see the manager,” said the customers.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word for each of the blanks from 28 to 32.

In the early twentieth century, an American woman named Emily Post wrote a book on etiquette. This book explained the proper behavior Americans should follow in many different social (28)______, from birthday parties to funerals. But in modern society, it is not simply to know the proper rules for behavior in your own country. It is necessary for people (29)______ work or travel abroad to understand the rules of etiquette in other cultures as well.

Cultural (30)______ can be found in such simple processes as giving or receiving a gift. In Western cultures, a gift can be given to the receiver with relatively little ceremony. When a gift is offered, the receiver usually takes the gift and expresses his or her thanks. (31)______, in some Asian countries, the act of gift–giving may appear confusing to Westerners. In Chinese culture, both the giver and receiver understand that the receiver will typically refuse to take the gift several times before he or she finally accepts it. In addition, to (32)______ respect for the receiver, it is common in several Asian cultures to use both hands when offering a gift to another person.

(Source: Reading Advantage by Casey Malarcher)

Điền vào ô 32