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The term "Hudson River school" was applied to the foremost representatives of nineteenth–century North American landscape painting. Apparently unknown during the golden days of the American landscape movement, which began around 1850 and lasted until the late 1860's, the Hudson River school seems to have emerged in the 1870's as a direct result of the struggle between the old and the new generations of artists, each to assert its own style as the representative American art. The older painters, most of whom were born before 1835, practiced in a mode often self–taught and monopolized by landscape subject matter and were securely established in and fostered by the reigning American art organization, the National Academy of Design. The younger painters returning home from training in Europe worked more with figural subject matter and in a bold and impressionistic technique; their prospects for patronage in their own country were uncertain, and they sought to attract it by attaining academic recognition in New York. One of the results of the conflict between the two factions was that what in previous years had been referred to as the "American", "native", or, occasionally, "New York" school–the most representative school of American art in any genre–had by 1890 become firmly established in the minds of critics and public alike as the Hudson River school.

The sobriquet was first applied around 1879. While it was not intended as flattering, it was hardly inappropriate. The Academicians at whom it was aimed had worked and socialized in New York, the Hudson's port city, and had painted the river and its shores with varying frequency. Most important, perhaps, was that they had all maintained with a certain fidelity a manner of technique and composition consistent with those of America's first popular landscape artist, Thomas Cole, who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery bordering the Hudson River. A possible implication in the term applied to the group of landscapists was that many of them had, like Cole, lived on or near the banks of the Hudson. Further, the river had long served as the principal route to other sketching grounds favored by the Academicians, particularly the Adirondacks and the mountains of Vermont and New Hampshire. 

Before 1870, what was considered the most representative kind of American painting?

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Visitors come to the museum to admire the relics. They were excavated from the ancient tombs

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The only structure remaining intact is the Flag Tower of Hanoi built in 1812 during the Nguyen Dynasty

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Solar energy can also be used for day light, cooking, heating and helping plants grow.

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They have lived near a chemical plant for many years. Some villagers have now developed cancer

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The detective checked everyone’s story and by a _______ of eliminations they were left with on suspect

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The organizers claim that the demonstration was a resounding success.

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In order not to disturb our conversation, he took his seat quietly

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She now faces the daunting challenge of writing a successful sequel to her hugely popular first book.

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The board was agreeable _______ the proposal that a new school should be built for the children having passion for art and sports

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The pile of old clothes gave off a damp, musty smell.

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A worrying conclusion in the study called “Heat and Learning” is that _______ global warming may affect the future income of _______ students around the world.

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Mail shots have proved to be the most cost–effective method of marketing our products.

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Music plays a crucial role in our live, therefore all too often it is taken for granted.

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You should sit down and _______ stock of your life and decide whether this is the right thing to do.

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Jenny is telling Danny, her aunt, about her band 7.5 in IELTS test.

Jenny: “Guess what? I have got band 7.5 in IELTS test I took last week.”

Danny: “_______.”