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Câu hỏi:

13/09/2022 237

Read the following text and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions

Many ants forage across the countryside in large numbers and undertake mass migrations; these activities proceed because one ant lays a trail on the ground for the others to follow. As a worker ant returns home after finding a source of food, it marks the route by intermittently touching its stinger to the ground and depositing a tiny amount of trail pheromone – a mixture of chemicals that delivers diverse messages as the context changes. These trails incorporate no directional information and may be followed by other ants in either direction.

Unlike some other messages, such as the one arising from a dead ant, a food trail has to be kept secret from members of other species. It is not surprising then that ant species use a wide variety of compounds as trail pheromones. Ants can be extremely sensitive to these signals. Investigators working with the trail pheromone of the leafcutter ant Atta texana calculated that one milligram of this substance would suffice to lead a column of ants three times around Earth.

The vapor of the evaporating pheromone over the trail guides an ant along the way, and the ant detects this signal with receptors in its antennae. A trail pheromone will evaporate to furnish the highest concentration of vapor right over the trail, in what is called a vapor space. In following the trail, the ant moves to the right and left, oscillating from side to side across the line of the trail itself, bringing first one and then the other antenna into the vapor space. As the ant moves to the right, its left antenna arrives in the vapor space.

The signal it receives causes it to swing to the left, and the ant then pursues this new course until its right antenna reaches the vapor space. It then swings back to the right, and so weaves back and forth down the trail.

According to the passage, the highest amount of pheromone vapor is found

A. in the source of food

B. in the receptors of the ants

C. under the soil along the trail

D. just above the trail

Đáp án chính xác
 Xem lời giải

Trả lời:

verified Giải bởi Vietjack

D

Kiến thức: Đọc hiểu

Giải thích:

Theo đoạn văn, lượng pheromone cao nhất được tìm thấy

A. trong nguồn thức ăn

B. trong các thụ thể của kiến

C. dưới đất dọc theo dấu vết

D. ngay phía trên dấu vết

Thông tin: A trail pheromone will evaporate to furnish the highest concentration of vapor right over the trail  

Dịch bài đọc:

Nhiều con kiến đi kiếm thức ăn với số lượng lớn và di cư nhiều; những hoạt động này diễn ra bởi một con kiến tạo ra một dấu vết trên mặt đất để những con khác đi theo. Khi một con kiến thợ trở về nhà sau khi tìm ra nguồn thức ăn, nó đánh dấu đường đi bằng chạm ngòi của nó ngắt quãng trên mặt đất và để một lượng pheromone nhỏ - một hỗn hợp các chất hóa học cung ứng các thông điệp đa dạng khi bối cảnh thay đổi. Những dấu vết này không kết hợp thông tin phương hướng và có thể được đi theo sau bởi các con kiến khác ở cả hai hướng.

Không giống như một số thông điệp khác, chẳng hạn như một thông điệp phát sinh từ một con kiến chết, một con đường kiếm ăn phải được giữ bí mật khỏi các loài khác. Không có gì đáng ngạc nhiên khi kiến sử dụng nhiều loại hợp chất như dấu vết pheromones. Kiến có thể rất nhạy cảm với những tín hiệu này. Các nhà điều tra làm việc với dấu vết pheromone của loài kiến cắn lá Atta texana tính toán rằng một miligam của chất này sẽ đủ để dẫn một dãy kiến đi ba lần vòng quanh Trái đất.

Hơi của pheromone bay hơi trên dấu vết sẽ dẫn một con kiến dọc theo con đường, và con kiến phát hiện ra tín hiệu này với các thụ thể trong ăngten của nó. Một dấu vết pheromone sẽ bay hơi để cung ứng nồng độ hơi cao nhất trên dấu vết, trong cái gọi là không gian hơi. Khi đi theo dấu vết, kiến di chuyển sang phải và trái, dao động từ bên này sang bên kia đường thẳng của dấu vết, đưa ăngten đầu tiên và sau đó là ăngten khác vào không gian hơi. Khi con kiến di chuyển sang phải, ăng ten bên trái của nó sẽ đến không gian hơi. Các tín hiệu nhận được làm cho nó ngoặt sang trái, và con kiến phía sau đó theo cách này cho đến khi các ăng-ten bên phải của nó đến không gian hơi. Sau đó nó quay về phía bên phải, và tới lui theo dấu vết.

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