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Trang chủ THI THỬ THPT QUỐC GIA Tiếng Anh (mới) Tổng hợp đề thi thử môn Tiếng Anh có lời giải chi tiết

Tổng hợp đề thi thử môn Tiếng Anh có lời giải chi tiết

Tổng hợp đề thi thử môn Tiếng Anh có lời giải chi tiết (Đề số 12)

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Danh sách câu hỏi

Câu 1:

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.

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Đáp án D

ancestor

/a/ trong ancestor được phát âm là /æ/, các âm /a/ trong các từ còn lại phát âm là /eɪ/

ancestor/ˈænsestə(r)/, chamber /ˈtʃeɪmbə(r)/, ancient/ˈeɪnʃənt/, danger/ˈdeɪndʒə(r)/


Câu 2:

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.

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Đáp án C

breath

/th/ trong breath được phát âm là /θ/, các âm /th/ trong các từ còn lại phát âm là /θ/

breath /breθ/, smoothly /ˈsmuːðli/, southern /ˈsʌðən/, airworthy /ˈeəwɜːði/


Câu 3:

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.

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Đáp án D

committee

Từ committee trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết thứ 2, các từ còn lại trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết thứ 3

committee/kəˈmɪti/, cooperation /ˌɒpəˈreɪʃn/, supervision /ˌsuːpəˈvɪʒn/, reinforce /ˌriːɪnˈfɔːs/


Câu 4:

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.

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Đáp án C

furniture

Từ furniture trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết thứ 1 , các từ còn lại trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết thứ 3

furniture /ˈfɜːnɪtʃə(r)/, overlook /ˌəʊvəˈlʊk/, influential /ˌɪnfluˈenʃl/, oceanic /ˌəʊʃiˈænɪk/


Câu 7:

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions.

There being (A) no evidence (B) against himself (C) , Slade was released. (D)

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Đáp án C

himself --> him: chủ ngữ là there nên không sử dụng tân ngữ là đại từ phản thân, chỉ sử dụng tân ngữ là đại từ phản thân khi chủ ngữ và tân ngữ chỉ cùng một đối tượng


Câu 10:

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

Why did Berth ask you ……………….. a bicycle?

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Đáp án D

Trong câu gián tiếp dùng if hoặc whether cho câu hỏi dạng yes/no question


Câu 11:

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

She wondered if they ……………………. her jeweler and rather hoped that they had.

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Đáp án C

từ dẫn wondered ở thì quá khứ nên câu theo sau phải có hiện tượng lùi thì


Câu 12:

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

I cannot bear the noise of my brother’s radio; it ………………. me from my work.

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Đáp án A

distract sb from st: làm ai xao nhãng việc gì

perturb sb: làm cho ai lo sợ

interrupt Sb with st: làm gián đoạn ai đó bằng điều gì (trong khi người đó đang nói)

disturb Sb: làm gián đoạn ai đó bằng điều gì (trong khi người đó đang làm việc gì đó)


Câu 14:

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

I am going to the dentist’s tomorrow. I hope I don’t need to …………………..

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Đáp án A

câu phủ định dùng anything, không dùng câu B là nothing nữa

have ST done = Get SB to do ST


Câu 17:

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

He ……………………. alone a month ago, and …………………… of since.

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Đáp án A

Loại B và D vì set-set-set. Set off: khởi hành

Set on/upon SB: tấn công ai đó đột ngột


Câu 18:

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

His ……………….. of the school regulations really can’t be ignored any longer.

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Đáp án D

Dịch nghĩa: việc coi thường đến nội quy trường thật sự không thể để bị phớt lờ được nữa

Disregard of: coi thường việc gì, in attention to; unfarmiliarity with


Câu 20:

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the most suitable response to complete each of the following exchanges.

Peter: “……………………………………”

Tim: “What happened?”

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Đáp án B

Dịch nghĩa: Tôi đã có một ngày tồi tệ. Chuyện gì đã xảy ra thế


Câu 21:

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the most suitable response to complete each of the following exchanges.

“Don’t fail to look after yourself, Mary!” – “…………………………………”

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Đáp án D

Đừng quên tự chăm sóc bản thân nhé. Cảm ơn, mình sẽ làm như vậy


Câu 25:

Mark  the  letter  A,  B,  C,  or  D  on  your  answer  sheet  to  indicate  the  word(s)  OPPOSITE  in  meaning  to  the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.

There has been no discernible improvement in the noise levels since lorries were banned.

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Đáp án D

insignificant

Discernible (adj) : có thể thấy rõ ≠ insignificant (adj) : không đáng kể

Clear (adj): rõ ràng, obvious (adj): rõ ràng, thin (adj): gầy

Tạm dịch: Không có cải thiện rõ nét nào về mức độ tiếng ồn kể từ khi xe tải bị cấm


Câu 26:

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions.

Were it not for the money, this job wouldn’t be worthwhile

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Đáp án D

The only thing that makes this job worthwhile is the money.

“Nếu không phải vì tiền, công việc này không đáng làm chút nào”

Đáp án D là sát nghĩa với câu gốc nhất: “Điều duy nhất khiến công việc này đáng để làm đó là tiền.” Các phương án khác nghĩa không giống với câu gốc.

Phương án  A: “công việc này không đáng làm chút nào”,

phương án B: “Công việc này trả lương thấp”, phương án C: “mặc dù lương bèo bọt nhưng việc này đáng làm”.


Câu 27:

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions.

At no time did the two sides look likely to reach an agreement

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Đáp án B

The two sides never looked likely to reach an agreement

“Hai bên trông có vẻ không thể nào đạt được thỏa thuận”

Đáp án B là sát nghĩa với câu gốc nhất: “Hai bên có vẻ không thể đạt được thỏa thuận”. Các phương án khác nghĩa không giống với câu gốc. Phương án A: “Hai bên không có thời gian để đạt được thỏa thuận”, phương án C: “Nếu hai bên đã có thời gian, họ sẽ đạt được thỏa thuận”, phương án D: “hai bên trông không giống nhau”


Câu 28:

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions.

No matter how hard Fred tried to start the car, he didn’t succeed.

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Đáp án B

However hard Fred tried, he couldn’t start the car.

“Dù Fred có cố gắng khởi động xe như thế nào, anh ấy vẫn không thể làm được”

Đáp án B là sát nghĩa với câu gốc nhất: “Dù cho Fred cố gắng thế nào, anh ấy vẫn không thể khởi động xe”. Các phương án khác nghĩa không giống với câu gốc. Phương án A: “Fred đã cố gắng rất nhiều để khởi động xe và anh ấy là thành công”, phương án C: “Rất khó cho Fre để khởi động xe vì anh ấy chưa bao giờ làm được”, phương án D sai cấu trúc ngữ pháp ở “and with success” vì không song song với mệnh đề đằng trước.


Câu 29:

Mark  the  letter  A,  B,  C,  or  D  on  your  answer  sheet  to  indicate  the  sentence  that  best  combines  each  pair  of sentences in the following questions.

The new restaurant looks good. However, it seems to have few customers

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Đáp án D

In spite of its appearance, the new restaurant does not appear to attract much business.

“Nhà hàng mới trông có vẻ ổn. Mặc dù dường như chỉ có vài khách”

Đáp án D là sát nghĩa với câu gốc nhất: “Dù là có vẻ ngoài trông ổn nhưng nhà hàng mới dường như không thu hút được nhiều khách. Các phương án khác nghĩa không giống với câu gốc. Phương án A: “Để có thêm nhiều khách, nhà hàng mới nên cải thiện bề ngoài của nó”, phương án B: “nhà hàng mới sẽ có thêm nhiều khách nếu nó trông tốt hơn”, phương án C: “nếu có thêm một vài khách, nhà hàng mới trông sẽ tốt hơn”.


Câu 30:

Mark  the  letter  A,  B,  C,  or  D  on  your  answer  sheet  to  indicate  the  sentence  that  best  combines  each  pair  of sentences in the following questions.

No one but the experts was able to realize that the painting was an imitation. It greatly resembled the original.

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Đáp án C

The painting looked so much like the authentic one that only the experts could tell it wasn’t genuine.

“Không ai ngoại trừ các chuyên gia có thể nhận ra rằng bức tranh là đồ giả. Nó trông cực kỳ giống với bản gốc”

Đáp án C là sát nghĩa với câu gốc nhất “Bức tranh trông rất giống với bản gốc, chỉ có các chuyên gia có thể biết đó không phải là bản gốc”. Các phương án khác nghĩa không giống với câu gốc. Phương án A: “Rõ ràng rằng chỉ có một người với tài nghệ xuất sắc mới có thể làm giả bức tranh một cách hoàn hảo đến vậy, phương án B: “Các nhà nghiệp dư gần như không thể nhận ra rằng bức tranh không phải bản thật, mặc dù các chuyên gia thì lại có thể nhận ra một cách dễ dàng, phương án D: “Rất khó cho người bình thường có thể phân biệt giữa bức tranh thật và bức tranh giả”.


Câu 31:

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 31 to 35.

There has been an outbreak of avian influenza, better known as bird flu in Asia recently. The first (31) _____ died two weeks ago in Vietnam and there have been the cases reported since in Thailand, and there are some suspected cases in Cambodia as well as. 

          Wild birds are affected by a large number of flu viruses, just as the humans and other animals are, but they are normally exclusive to birds. If the viruses manage to mutate, they can to jump the species barrier and infect human beings. The first case (32) _____ someone died was in Hong Kong in 1997. 

          There  are  the  several  different  forms  of  bird  flu,  ranging  from  mild  to  very  (33)  _____  infections, which spreading rapidly and kill many of the birds they infect. It is spread by wild birds-ducks, in particular – which carry the virus, but aren't killed by it. They can spread the virus to farm birds through (34) _____ contact or by the contaminating water supplies. 

World  Health  Organization  officials  have  attributed  the  spread  of  bird  flu  to  human  contact  with  the

droppings of infected birds and (35) _____ sanitation. There was no evidence at first that the virus spread from person to person, though there has been a case of this happening being investigated by scientists.

Điền ô số 31

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Đáp án A

victim

Victim (n): nạn nhân, casualty (n): tai nạn, sufferer (n): người bị thiệt hại, infector (n): tác nhân gây nhiễm

Đáp án A phù hợp với nghĩa của câu

Tạm dịch : Nạn nhân đầu tiên đã chết cách đây 2 tuần ở Việt Nam


Câu 32:

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 31 to 35.

There has been an outbreak of avian influenza, better known as bird flu in Asia recently. The first (31) _____ died two weeks ago in Vietnam and there have been the cases reported since in Thailand, and there are some suspected cases in Cambodia as well as. 

          Wild birds are affected by a large number of flu viruses, just as the humans and other animals are, but they are normally exclusive to birds. If the viruses manage to mutate, they can to jump the species barrier and infect human beings. The first case (32) _____ someone died was in Hong Kong in 1997. 

          There  are  the  several  different  forms  of  bird  flu,  ranging  from  mild  to  very  (33)  _____  infections, which spreading rapidly and kill many of the birds they infect. It is spread by wild birds-ducks, in particular – which carry the virus, but aren't killed by it. They can spread the virus to farm birds through (34) _____ contact or by the contaminating water supplies. 

World  Health  Organization  officials  have  attributed  the  spread  of  bird  flu  to  human  contact  with  the

droppings of infected birds and (35) _____ sanitation. There was no evidence at first that the virus spread from person to person, though there has been a case of this happening being investigated by scientists.

Điền ô số 32

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Đáp án A

where

Vế sau có “in Hong Kong” chỉ địa điểm nên đại từ quan hệ được dùng là where (nơi mà)

Tạm dịch: Trường hợp đầu tiên nơi mà ai đó đã tử vong là ở Hồng Kông vào năm 1997.


Câu 33:

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 31 to 35.

There has been an outbreak of avian influenza, better known as bird flu in Asia recently. The first (31) _____ died two weeks ago in Vietnam and there have been the cases reported since in Thailand, and there are some suspected cases in Cambodia as well as. 

          Wild birds are affected by a large number of flu viruses, just as the humans and other animals are, but they are normally exclusive to birds. If the viruses manage to mutate, they can to jump the species barrier and infect human beings. The first case (32) _____ someone died was in Hong Kong in 1997. 

          There  are  the  several  different  forms  of  bird  flu,  ranging  from  mild  to  very  (33)  _____  infections, which spreading rapidly and kill many of the birds they infect. It is spread by wild birds-ducks, in particular – which carry the virus, but aren't killed by it. They can spread the virus to farm birds through (34) _____ contact or by the contaminating water supplies. 

World  Health  Organization  officials  have  attributed  the  spread  of  bird  flu  to  human  contact  with  the

droppings of infected birds and (35) _____ sanitation. There was no evidence at first that the virus spread from person to person, though there has been a case of this happening being investigated by scientists.

Điền ô số 33

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Đáp án C

serious

Đáp án C –  serious (nghiệm trọng) phù hợp với nghĩa của câu: “Có rất nhiều loại bệnh cúm khác nhau, từ những loại lây nhiễm nhẹ cho đến những loại lây nhiễm nghiêm trọng”. Các phương án khác là strict (nghiêm khắc), severe (khốc liệt), heavy (nặng, thường dùng để nói về khối lượng).


Câu 34:

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 31 to 35.

There has been an outbreak of avian influenza, better known as bird flu in Asia recently. The first (31) _____ died two weeks ago in Vietnam and there have been the cases reported since in Thailand, and there are some suspected cases in Cambodia as well as. 

          Wild birds are affected by a large number of flu viruses, just as the humans and other animals are, but they are normally exclusive to birds. If the viruses manage to mutate, they can to jump the species barrier and infect human beings. The first case (32) _____ someone died was in Hong Kong in 1997. 

          There  are  the  several  different  forms  of  bird  flu,  ranging  from  mild  to  very  (33)  _____  infections, which spreading rapidly and kill many of the birds they infect. It is spread by wild birds-ducks, in particular – which carry the virus, but aren't killed by it. They can spread the virus to farm birds through (34) _____ contact or by the contaminating water supplies. 

World  Health  Organization  officials  have  attributed  the  spread  of  bird  flu  to  human  contact  with  the

droppings of infected birds and (35) _____ sanitation. There was no evidence at first that the virus spread from person to person, though there has been a case of this happening being investigated by scientists.

Điền ô số 34

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Đáp án A

direct

Đáp án A phù hợp với nghĩa của câu : (direct contact: tiếp xúc trực tiếp): "Chúng có thể lây lan virus đến các loài gia cầm trhoong qua tiếp xúc trực tiếp hoặc qua nguồn nước bị nhiễm virus". Các phương án khác là straight (thẳng), immediate (ngay lập tức), square (thẳng thắn)


Câu 35:

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 31 to 35.

There has been an outbreak of avian influenza, better known as bird flu in Asia recently. The first (31) _____ died two weeks ago in Vietnam and there have been the cases reported since in Thailand, and there are some suspected cases in Cambodia as well as. 

          Wild birds are affected by a large number of flu viruses, just as the humans and other animals are, but they are normally exclusive to birds. If the viruses manage to mutate, they can to jump the species barrier and infect human beings. The first case (32) _____ someone died was in Hong Kong in 1997. 

          There  are  the  several  different  forms  of  bird  flu,  ranging  from  mild  to  very  (33)  _____  infections, which spreading rapidly and kill many of the birds they infect. It is spread by wild birds-ducks, in particular – which carry the virus, but aren't killed by it. They can spread the virus to farm birds through (34) _____ contact or by the contaminating water supplies. 

World  Health  Organization  officials  have  attributed  the  spread  of  bird  flu  to  human  contact  with  the

droppings of infected birds and (35) _____ sanitation. There was no evidence at first that the virus spread from person to person, though there has been a case of this happening being investigated by scientists.

Điền ô số 35

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Đáp án D

poor

Collocation: poor sanitation: vệ sinh kém

Tạm dịch: “Tổ chức Y Tế Thế Giới cho rằng việc lây lan của bệnh cúm là do tiếp xúc của con người với các chất thải của các con chim bị bệnh và do vệ sinh kém


Câu 36:

Read  the  following  passage  and  mark  the  letter  A,  B,  C,  or  D  on  your  answer  sheet  to  indicate  the  correct answer to each of the questions from 36 to 42. 

DESERTIFICATION

Desertification is the degradation of once-productive land into unproductive or poorly productive land. Since the first great urban-agricultural centers in Mesopotamia nearly 6,000 years ago, human activity has had a destructive impact on soil quality, leading to gradual desertification in virtually every area of the world. 

It is a common misconception that desertification is caused by droughts. Although drought does make land  more  vulnerable,  well-managed  land  can  survive  droughts  and  recover,  even  in  arid  regions.  Another mistaken belief is that the process occurs only along the edges of deserts. In fact, it may take place in any arid or  semiarid  region,  especially  where  poor  land  management  is  practiced.  Most  vulnerable,  however,  are  the transitional  zones  between  deserts  and  arable  land;  wherever  human  activity  leads  to  land  abuse  in  these fragile marginal areas, soil destruction is inevitable. 

[1]  Agriculture  and  overgrazing  are  the  two  major  sources  of  desertification.  [2]  Large-scale  farming requires  extensive  irrigation,  which  ultimately  destroys  lands  by  depleting  its  nutrients  and  leaching  minerals into the topsoil. [3] Grazing is especially destructive to land because, in addition to depleting cover vegetation, herds of grazing mammals also trample the fine organic particles of the topsoil, leading to soil compaction and

erosion. [4] It takes about 500 years for the earth to build up 3 centimeters of topsoil. However, cattle ranching and agriculture can deplete as much as 2 to 3 centimeters of topsoil every 25 years - 60 to 80 times faster than it can be replaced by nature. 

Salination  is  a  type  of  land  degradation  that  involves  an  increase  in  the  salt  content  of  the  soil.  This usually occurs as a result of improper irrigation practices. The greatest Mesopotamian empires- Sumer, Akkad and  Babylon-  were  built  on  the  surplus  of  the  enormously  productive  soil  of  the  ancient  Tigris-  Euphrates alluvial  plain.  After  nearly  a  thousand  years  of  intensive  cultivation,  land  quality  was  in  evident  decline.  In response, around 2800 BC the Sumerians began digging the huge Tigris-Euphrates canal system to irrigate the exhausted soil. A temporary gain in crop yield was achieved in this way, but over-irrigation was to have serious and unforeseen consequences. From as early as 2400 BC we find Sumerian documents referring to salinization as a soil problem. It is believed that the fall of the Akkadian Empire around 2150 BC may have been due to a catastrophic failure in land productivity; the soil was literally turned into salt. Even today, four thousand years later,  vast  tracks  of  salinized  land  between  the  Tigris  and  Euphrates  rivers  still  resemble  rock-hard  fields  of snow.

Soil  erosion  is  another  form  of  desertification.  It  is  a  self-reinforcing  process;  once  the  cycle  of degradation begins, conditions are set for continual deterioration. As the vegetative cover begins to disappear, soil becomes more vulnerable to raindrop impact. Water runs off instead of soaking in to provide moisture for plans. This further diminishes plan cover by leaching away nutrients from the soil. As soil quality declines and runoff  is  increased,  floods  become  more  frequent  and  more  severe.  Flooding  washes  away  topsoil,  the  thin, rich, uppermost layer of the earth’s soil, and leaves finer underlying particles more vulnerable to wind erosion. Topsoil contains the earth’s greatest concentration of organic matter and microorganisms, and is where most of the earth’s land-based biological activity  occurs.  Without this fragile  coat of nutrient-laden material, plan life cannot exist. An extreme case of its erosion is found in the Sahel, a transitional zone between the Sahara Desert and  the  tropical  African  rain  forests;  home  to  some  56  million  people.  Overpopulation  and  overgrazing  have opened  the  hyperarid  land  to  wind  erosion,  which  is  stripping  away  the  protective  margin  of  the  Sahel,  and causing  the  desert  to  grow  at  an  alarming  rate.  Between  1950  and  1975,  the  Sahara  Desert  spread  100 kilometers southward through the Sahel. 

Which of the following statement is true about desertification?

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Đáp án A

It has a history as long as that of civilization.

Thông tin nằm ở đoạn 1: “Since the first great urban-agricultural centers in Mesopotamia nearly 6,000 years ago,  human  activity  has  had  a  destructive  impact  on  soil  quality,  leading  to  gradual  desertification  in virtually every area of the world.”


Câu 37:

Read  the  following  passage  and  mark  the  letter  A,  B,  C,  or  D  on  your  answer  sheet  to  indicate  the  correct answer to each of the questions from 36 to 42. 

DESERTIFICATION

Desertification is the degradation of once-productive land into unproductive or poorly productive land. Since the first great urban-agricultural centers in Mesopotamia nearly 6,000 years ago, human activity has had a destructive impact on soil quality, leading to gradual desertification in virtually every area of the world. 

It is a common misconception that desertification is caused by droughts. Although drought does make land  more  vulnerable,  well-managed  land  can  survive  droughts  and  recover,  even  in  arid  regions.  Another mistaken belief is that the process occurs only along the edges of deserts. In fact, it may take place in any arid or  semiarid  region,  especially  where  poor  land  management  is  practiced.  Most  vulnerable,  however,  are  the transitional  zones  between  deserts  and  arable  land;  wherever  human  activity  leads  to  land  abuse  in  these fragile marginal areas, soil destruction is inevitable. 

[1]  Agriculture  and  overgrazing  are  the  two  major  sources  of  desertification.  [2]  Large-scale  farming requires  extensive  irrigation,  which  ultimately  destroys  lands  by  depleting  its  nutrients  and  leaching  minerals into the topsoil. [3] Grazing is especially destructive to land because, in addition to depleting cover vegetation, herds of grazing mammals also trample the fine organic particles of the topsoil, leading to soil compaction and

erosion. [4] It takes about 500 years for the earth to build up 3 centimeters of topsoil. However, cattle ranching and agriculture can deplete as much as 2 to 3 centimeters of topsoil every 25 years - 60 to 80 times faster than it can be replaced by nature. 

Salination  is  a  type  of  land  degradation  that  involves  an  increase  in  the  salt  content  of  the  soil.  This usually occurs as a result of improper irrigation practices. The greatest Mesopotamian empires- Sumer, Akkad and  Babylon-  were  built  on  the  surplus  of  the  enormously  productive  soil  of  the  ancient  Tigris-  Euphrates alluvial  plain.  After  nearly  a  thousand  years  of  intensive  cultivation,  land  quality  was  in  evident  decline.  In response, around 2800 BC the Sumerians began digging the huge Tigris-Euphrates canal system to irrigate the exhausted soil. A temporary gain in crop yield was achieved in this way, but over-irrigation was to have serious and unforeseen consequences. From as early as 2400 BC we find Sumerian documents referring to salinization as a soil problem. It is believed that the fall of the Akkadian Empire around 2150 BC may have been due to a catastrophic failure in land productivity; the soil was literally turned into salt. Even today, four thousand years later,  vast  tracks  of  salinized  land  between  the  Tigris  and  Euphrates  rivers  still  resemble  rock-hard  fields  of snow.

Soil  erosion  is  another  form  of  desertification.  It  is  a  self-reinforcing  process;  once  the  cycle  of degradation begins, conditions are set for continual deterioration. As the vegetative cover begins to disappear, soil becomes more vulnerable to raindrop impact. Water runs off instead of soaking in to provide moisture for plans. This further diminishes plan cover by leaching away nutrients from the soil. As soil quality declines and runoff  is  increased,  floods  become  more  frequent  and  more  severe.  Flooding  washes  away  topsoil,  the  thin, rich, uppermost layer of the earth’s soil, and leaves finer underlying particles more vulnerable to wind erosion. Topsoil contains the earth’s greatest concentration of organic matter and microorganisms, and is where most of the earth’s land-based biological activity  occurs.  Without this fragile  coat of nutrient-laden material, plan life cannot exist. An extreme case of its erosion is found in the Sahel, a transitional zone between the Sahara Desert and  the  tropical  African  rain  forests;  home  to  some  56  million  people.  Overpopulation  and  overgrazing  have opened  the  hyperarid  land  to  wind  erosion,  which  is  stripping  away  the  protective  margin  of  the  Sahel,  and causing  the  desert  to  grow  at  an  alarming  rate.  Between  1950  and  1975,  the  Sahara  Desert  spread  100 kilometers southward through the Sahel. 

The word “arable” in paragraph 2 is closet in meaning to _____.

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Đáp án A

cultivate

- arable: (a) trồng trọt được = cultivate : (a) có thể trồng trột được


Câu 38:

Read  the  following  passage  and  mark  the  letter  A,  B,  C,  or  D  on  your  answer  sheet  to  indicate  the  correct answer to each of the questions from 36 to 42. 

DESERTIFICATION

Desertification is the degradation of once-productive land into unproductive or poorly productive land. Since the first great urban-agricultural centers in Mesopotamia nearly 6,000 years ago, human activity has had a destructive impact on soil quality, leading to gradual desertification in virtually every area of the world. 

It is a common misconception that desertification is caused by droughts. Although drought does make land  more  vulnerable,  well-managed  land  can  survive  droughts  and  recover,  even  in  arid  regions.  Another mistaken belief is that the process occurs only along the edges of deserts. In fact, it may take place in any arid or  semiarid  region,  especially  where  poor  land  management  is  practiced.  Most  vulnerable,  however,  are  the transitional  zones  between  deserts  and  arable  land;  wherever  human  activity  leads  to  land  abuse  in  these fragile marginal areas, soil destruction is inevitable. 

[1]  Agriculture  and  overgrazing  are  the  two  major  sources  of  desertification.  [2]  Large-scale  farming requires  extensive  irrigation,  which  ultimately  destroys  lands  by  depleting  its  nutrients  and  leaching  minerals into the topsoil. [3] Grazing is especially destructive to land because, in addition to depleting cover vegetation, herds of grazing mammals also trample the fine organic particles of the topsoil, leading to soil compaction and

erosion. [4] It takes about 500 years for the earth to build up 3 centimeters of topsoil. However, cattle ranching and agriculture can deplete as much as 2 to 3 centimeters of topsoil every 25 years - 60 to 80 times faster than it can be replaced by nature. 

Salination  is  a  type  of  land  degradation  that  involves  an  increase  in  the  salt  content  of  the  soil.  This usually occurs as a result of improper irrigation practices. The greatest Mesopotamian empires- Sumer, Akkad and  Babylon-  were  built  on  the  surplus  of  the  enormously  productive  soil  of  the  ancient  Tigris-  Euphrates alluvial  plain.  After  nearly  a  thousand  years  of  intensive  cultivation,  land  quality  was  in  evident  decline.  In response, around 2800 BC the Sumerians began digging the huge Tigris-Euphrates canal system to irrigate the exhausted soil. A temporary gain in crop yield was achieved in this way, but over-irrigation was to have serious and unforeseen consequences. From as early as 2400 BC we find Sumerian documents referring to salinization as a soil problem. It is believed that the fall of the Akkadian Empire around 2150 BC may have been due to a catastrophic failure in land productivity; the soil was literally turned into salt. Even today, four thousand years later,  vast  tracks  of  salinized  land  between  the  Tigris  and  Euphrates  rivers  still  resemble  rock-hard  fields  of snow.

Soil  erosion  is  another  form  of  desertification.  It  is  a  self-reinforcing  process;  once  the  cycle  of degradation begins, conditions are set for continual deterioration. As the vegetative cover begins to disappear, soil becomes more vulnerable to raindrop impact. Water runs off instead of soaking in to provide moisture for plans. This further diminishes plan cover by leaching away nutrients from the soil. As soil quality declines and runoff  is  increased,  floods  become  more  frequent  and  more  severe.  Flooding  washes  away  topsoil,  the  thin, rich, uppermost layer of the earth’s soil, and leaves finer underlying particles more vulnerable to wind erosion. Topsoil contains the earth’s greatest concentration of organic matter and microorganisms, and is where most of the earth’s land-based biological activity  occurs.  Without this fragile  coat of nutrient-laden material, plan life cannot exist. An extreme case of its erosion is found in the Sahel, a transitional zone between the Sahara Desert and  the  tropical  African  rain  forests;  home  to  some  56  million  people.  Overpopulation  and  overgrazing  have opened  the  hyperarid  land  to  wind  erosion,  which  is  stripping  away  the  protective  margin  of  the  Sahel,  and causing  the  desert  to  grow  at  an  alarming  rate.  Between  1950  and  1975,  the  Sahara  Desert  spread  100 kilometers southward through the Sahel. 

According to the passage, many people’s understanding of desertification is incorrect because _____.

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Đáp án C

they do not see it as being caused by human activity

Thông tin nằm ở đoạn 2: “It is a common misconception that desertification is caused by droughts.

Although drought does make land more vulnerable, well-managed land can survive droughts and recover, even in arid regions. Another mistaken belief is that the process occurs only along the edges of deserts.”


Câu 39:

Read  the  following  passage  and  mark  the  letter  A,  B,  C,  or  D  on  your  answer  sheet  to  indicate  the  correct answer to each of the questions from 36 to 42. 

DESERTIFICATION

Desertification is the degradation of once-productive land into unproductive or poorly productive land. Since the first great urban-agricultural centers in Mesopotamia nearly 6,000 years ago, human activity has had a destructive impact on soil quality, leading to gradual desertification in virtually every area of the world. 

It is a common misconception that desertification is caused by droughts. Although drought does make land  more  vulnerable,  well-managed  land  can  survive  droughts  and  recover,  even  in  arid  regions.  Another mistaken belief is that the process occurs only along the edges of deserts. In fact, it may take place in any arid or  semiarid  region,  especially  where  poor  land  management  is  practiced.  Most  vulnerable,  however,  are  the transitional  zones  between  deserts  and  arable  land;  wherever  human  activity  leads  to  land  abuse  in  these fragile marginal areas, soil destruction is inevitable. 

[1]  Agriculture  and  overgrazing  are  the  two  major  sources  of  desertification.  [2]  Large-scale  farming requires  extensive  irrigation,  which  ultimately  destroys  lands  by  depleting  its  nutrients  and  leaching  minerals into the topsoil. [3] Grazing is especially destructive to land because, in addition to depleting cover vegetation, herds of grazing mammals also trample the fine organic particles of the topsoil, leading to soil compaction and

erosion. [4] It takes about 500 years for the earth to build up 3 centimeters of topsoil. However, cattle ranching and agriculture can deplete as much as 2 to 3 centimeters of topsoil every 25 years - 60 to 80 times faster than it can be replaced by nature. 

Salination  is  a  type  of  land  degradation  that  involves  an  increase  in  the  salt  content  of  the  soil.  This usually occurs as a result of improper irrigation practices. The greatest Mesopotamian empires- Sumer, Akkad and  Babylon-  were  built  on  the  surplus  of  the  enormously  productive  soil  of  the  ancient  Tigris-  Euphrates alluvial  plain.  After  nearly  a  thousand  years  of  intensive  cultivation,  land  quality  was  in  evident  decline.  In response, around 2800 BC the Sumerians began digging the huge Tigris-Euphrates canal system to irrigate the exhausted soil. A temporary gain in crop yield was achieved in this way, but over-irrigation was to have serious and unforeseen consequences. From as early as 2400 BC we find Sumerian documents referring to salinization as a soil problem. It is believed that the fall of the Akkadian Empire around 2150 BC may have been due to a catastrophic failure in land productivity; the soil was literally turned into salt. Even today, four thousand years later,  vast  tracks  of  salinized  land  between  the  Tigris  and  Euphrates  rivers  still  resemble  rock-hard  fields  of snow.

Soil  erosion  is  another  form  of  desertification.  It  is  a  self-reinforcing  process;  once  the  cycle  of degradation begins, conditions are set for continual deterioration. As the vegetative cover begins to disappear, soil becomes more vulnerable to raindrop impact. Water runs off instead of soaking in to provide moisture for plans. This further diminishes plan cover by leaching away nutrients from the soil. As soil quality declines and runoff  is  increased,  floods  become  more  frequent  and  more  severe.  Flooding  washes  away  topsoil,  the  thin, rich, uppermost layer of the earth’s soil, and leaves finer underlying particles more vulnerable to wind erosion. Topsoil contains the earth’s greatest concentration of organic matter and microorganisms, and is where most of the earth’s land-based biological activity  occurs.  Without this fragile  coat of nutrient-laden material, plan life cannot exist. An extreme case of its erosion is found in the Sahel, a transitional zone between the Sahara Desert and  the  tropical  African  rain  forests;  home  to  some  56  million  people.  Overpopulation  and  overgrazing  have opened  the  hyperarid  land  to  wind  erosion,  which  is  stripping  away  the  protective  margin  of  the  Sahel,  and causing  the  desert  to  grow  at  an  alarming  rate.  Between  1950  and  1975,  the  Sahara  Desert  spread  100 kilometers southward through the Sahel. 

According  to  the  passage,  agriculture  furthers  desertification  through  which  of  the  following activities

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Đáp án B

Irrigation

Thông tin nằm ở đoạn 3: “[2] Large-scale farming requires extensive irrigation, which ultimately destroys lands by depleting its nutrients and leaching minerals into the topsoil.”


Câu 40:

Read  the  following  passage  and  mark  the  letter  A,  B,  C,  or  D  on  your  answer  sheet  to  indicate  the  correct answer to each of the questions from 36 to 42. 

DESERTIFICATION

Desertification is the degradation of once-productive land into unproductive or poorly productive land. Since the first great urban-agricultural centers in Mesopotamia nearly 6,000 years ago, human activity has had a destructive impact on soil quality, leading to gradual desertification in virtually every area of the world. 

It is a common misconception that desertification is caused by droughts. Although drought does make land  more  vulnerable,  well-managed  land  can  survive  droughts  and  recover,  even  in  arid  regions.  Another mistaken belief is that the process occurs only along the edges of deserts. In fact, it may take place in any arid or  semiarid  region,  especially  where  poor  land  management  is  practiced.  Most  vulnerable,  however,  are  the transitional  zones  between  deserts  and  arable  land;  wherever  human  activity  leads  to  land  abuse  in  these fragile marginal areas, soil destruction is inevitable. 

[1]  Agriculture  and  overgrazing  are  the  two  major  sources  of  desertification.  [2]  Large-scale  farming requires  extensive  irrigation,  which  ultimately  destroys  lands  by  depleting  its  nutrients  and  leaching  minerals into the topsoil. [3] Grazing is especially destructive to land because, in addition to depleting cover vegetation, herds of grazing mammals also trample the fine organic particles of the topsoil, leading to soil compaction and

erosion. [4] It takes about 500 years for the earth to build up 3 centimeters of topsoil. However, cattle ranching and agriculture can deplete as much as 2 to 3 centimeters of topsoil every 25 years - 60 to 80 times faster than it can be replaced by nature. 

Salination  is  a  type  of  land  degradation  that  involves  an  increase  in  the  salt  content  of  the  soil.  This usually occurs as a result of improper irrigation practices. The greatest Mesopotamian empires- Sumer, Akkad and  Babylon-  were  built  on  the  surplus  of  the  enormously  productive  soil  of  the  ancient  Tigris-  Euphrates alluvial  plain.  After  nearly  a  thousand  years  of  intensive  cultivation,  land  quality  was  in  evident  decline.  In response, around 2800 BC the Sumerians began digging the huge Tigris-Euphrates canal system to irrigate the exhausted soil. A temporary gain in crop yield was achieved in this way, but over-irrigation was to have serious and unforeseen consequences. From as early as 2400 BC we find Sumerian documents referring to salinization as a soil problem. It is believed that the fall of the Akkadian Empire around 2150 BC may have been due to a catastrophic failure in land productivity; the soil was literally turned into salt. Even today, four thousand years later,  vast  tracks  of  salinized  land  between  the  Tigris  and  Euphrates  rivers  still  resemble  rock-hard  fields  of snow.

Soil  erosion  is  another  form  of  desertification.  It  is  a  self-reinforcing  process;  once  the  cycle  of degradation begins, conditions are set for continual deterioration. As the vegetative cover begins to disappear, soil becomes more vulnerable to raindrop impact. Water runs off instead of soaking in to provide moisture for plans. This further diminishes plan cover by leaching away nutrients from the soil. As soil quality declines and runoff  is  increased,  floods  become  more  frequent  and  more  severe.  Flooding  washes  away  topsoil,  the  thin, rich, uppermost layer of the earth’s soil, and leaves finer underlying particles more vulnerable to wind erosion. Topsoil contains the earth’s greatest concentration of organic matter and microorganisms, and is where most of the earth’s land-based biological activity  occurs.  Without this fragile  coat of nutrient-laden material, plan life cannot exist. An extreme case of its erosion is found in the Sahel, a transitional zone between the Sahara Desert and  the  tropical  African  rain  forests;  home  to  some  56  million  people.  Overpopulation  and  overgrazing  have opened  the  hyperarid  land  to  wind  erosion,  which  is  stripping  away  the  protective  margin  of  the  Sahel,  and causing  the  desert  to  grow  at  an  alarming  rate.  Between  1950  and  1975,  the  Sahara  Desert  spread  100 kilometers southward through the Sahel. 

The word “degradation” in paragraph 4 is closet in meaning to _____.

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Đáp án B

deterioration

- degradation: (n) sự thoái hóa, sự xuống cấp = deterioration: (n) sự hư hỏng, xuống cấp


Câu 41:

Read  the  following  passage  and  mark  the  letter  A,  B,  C,  or  D  on  your  answer  sheet  to  indicate  the  correct answer to each of the questions from 36 to 42. 

DESERTIFICATION

Desertification is the degradation of once-productive land into unproductive or poorly productive land. Since the first great urban-agricultural centers in Mesopotamia nearly 6,000 years ago, human activity has had a destructive impact on soil quality, leading to gradual desertification in virtually every area of the world. 

It is a common misconception that desertification is caused by droughts. Although drought does make land  more  vulnerable,  well-managed  land  can  survive  droughts  and  recover,  even  in  arid  regions.  Another mistaken belief is that the process occurs only along the edges of deserts. In fact, it may take place in any arid or  semiarid  region,  especially  where  poor  land  management  is  practiced.  Most  vulnerable,  however,  are  the transitional  zones  between  deserts  and  arable  land;  wherever  human  activity  leads  to  land  abuse  in  these fragile marginal areas, soil destruction is inevitable. 

[1]  Agriculture  and  overgrazing  are  the  two  major  sources  of  desertification.  [2]  Large-scale  farming requires  extensive  irrigation,  which  ultimately  destroys  lands  by  depleting  its  nutrients  and  leaching  minerals into the topsoil. [3] Grazing is especially destructive to land because, in addition to depleting cover vegetation, herds of grazing mammals also trample the fine organic particles of the topsoil, leading to soil compaction and

erosion. [4] It takes about 500 years for the earth to build up 3 centimeters of topsoil. However, cattle ranching and agriculture can deplete as much as 2 to 3 centimeters of topsoil every 25 years - 60 to 80 times faster than it can be replaced by nature. 

Salination  is  a  type  of  land  degradation  that  involves  an  increase  in  the  salt  content  of  the  soil.  This usually occurs as a result of improper irrigation practices. The greatest Mesopotamian empires- Sumer, Akkad and  Babylon-  were  built  on  the  surplus  of  the  enormously  productive  soil  of  the  ancient  Tigris-  Euphrates alluvial  plain.  After  nearly  a  thousand  years  of  intensive  cultivation,  land  quality  was  in  evident  decline.  In response, around 2800 BC the Sumerians began digging the huge Tigris-Euphrates canal system to irrigate the exhausted soil. A temporary gain in crop yield was achieved in this way, but over-irrigation was to have serious and unforeseen consequences. From as early as 2400 BC we find Sumerian documents referring to salinization as a soil problem. It is believed that the fall of the Akkadian Empire around 2150 BC may have been due to a catastrophic failure in land productivity; the soil was literally turned into salt. Even today, four thousand years later,  vast  tracks  of  salinized  land  between  the  Tigris  and  Euphrates  rivers  still  resemble  rock-hard  fields  of snow.

Soil  erosion  is  another  form  of  desertification.  It  is  a  self-reinforcing  process;  once  the  cycle  of degradation begins, conditions are set for continual deterioration. As the vegetative cover begins to disappear, soil becomes more vulnerable to raindrop impact. Water runs off instead of soaking in to provide moisture for plans. This further diminishes plan cover by leaching away nutrients from the soil. As soil quality declines and runoff  is  increased,  floods  become  more  frequent  and  more  severe.  Flooding  washes  away  topsoil,  the  thin, rich, uppermost layer of the earth’s soil, and leaves finer underlying particles more vulnerable to wind erosion. Topsoil contains the earth’s greatest concentration of organic matter and microorganisms, and is where most of the earth’s land-based biological activity  occurs.  Without this fragile  coat of nutrient-laden material, plan life cannot exist. An extreme case of its erosion is found in the Sahel, a transitional zone between the Sahara Desert and  the  tropical  African  rain  forests;  home  to  some  56  million  people.  Overpopulation  and  overgrazing  have opened  the  hyperarid  land  to  wind  erosion,  which  is  stripping  away  the  protective  margin  of  the  Sahel,  and causing  the  desert  to  grow  at  an  alarming  rate.  Between  1950  and  1975,  the  Sahara  Desert  spread  100 kilometers southward through the Sahel. 

Paragraph 4 of the passage serves mainly to do which of the following?

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Đáp án C

Describe one progress that leads to desertification.

Thông tin nằm ở đoạn 4: “Salination is a type of land degradation that involves an increase in the salt content of the soil.”


Câu 42:

Read  the  following  passage  and  mark  the  letter  A,  B,  C,  or  D  on  your  answer  sheet  to  indicate  the  correct answer to each of the questions from 36 to 42. 

DESERTIFICATION

Desertification is the degradation of once-productive land into unproductive or poorly productive land. Since the first great urban-agricultural centers in Mesopotamia nearly 6,000 years ago, human activity has had a destructive impact on soil quality, leading to gradual desertification in virtually every area of the world. 

It is a common misconception that desertification is caused by droughts. Although drought does make land  more  vulnerable,  well-managed  land  can  survive  droughts  and  recover,  even  in  arid  regions.  Another mistaken belief is that the process occurs only along the edges of deserts. In fact, it may take place in any arid or  semiarid  region,  especially  where  poor  land  management  is  practiced.  Most  vulnerable,  however,  are  the transitional  zones  between  deserts  and  arable  land;  wherever  human  activity  leads  to  land  abuse  in  these fragile marginal areas, soil destruction is inevitable. 

[1]  Agriculture  and  overgrazing  are  the  two  major  sources  of  desertification.  [2]  Large-scale  farming requires  extensive  irrigation,  which  ultimately  destroys  lands  by  depleting  its  nutrients  and  leaching  minerals into the topsoil. [3] Grazing is especially destructive to land because, in addition to depleting cover vegetation, herds of grazing mammals also trample the fine organic particles of the topsoil, leading to soil compaction and

erosion. [4] It takes about 500 years for the earth to build up 3 centimeters of topsoil. However, cattle ranching and agriculture can deplete as much as 2 to 3 centimeters of topsoil every 25 years - 60 to 80 times faster than it can be replaced by nature. 

Salination  is  a  type  of  land  degradation  that  involves  an  increase  in  the  salt  content  of  the  soil.  This usually occurs as a result of improper irrigation practices. The greatest Mesopotamian empires- Sumer, Akkad and  Babylon-  were  built  on  the  surplus  of  the  enormously  productive  soil  of  the  ancient  Tigris-  Euphrates alluvial  plain.  After  nearly  a  thousand  years  of  intensive  cultivation,  land  quality  was  in  evident  decline.  In response, around 2800 BC the Sumerians began digging the huge Tigris-Euphrates canal system to irrigate the exhausted soil. A temporary gain in crop yield was achieved in this way, but over-irrigation was to have serious and unforeseen consequences. From as early as 2400 BC we find Sumerian documents referring to salinization as a soil problem. It is believed that the fall of the Akkadian Empire around 2150 BC may have been due to a catastrophic failure in land productivity; the soil was literally turned into salt. Even today, four thousand years later,  vast  tracks  of  salinized  land  between  the  Tigris  and  Euphrates  rivers  still  resemble  rock-hard  fields  of snow.

Soil  erosion  is  another  form  of  desertification.  It  is  a  self-reinforcing  process;  once  the  cycle  of degradation begins, conditions are set for continual deterioration. As the vegetative cover begins to disappear, soil becomes more vulnerable to raindrop impact. Water runs off instead of soaking in to provide moisture for plans. This further diminishes plan cover by leaching away nutrients from the soil. As soil quality declines and runoff  is  increased,  floods  become  more  frequent  and  more  severe.  Flooding  washes  away  topsoil,  the  thin, rich, uppermost layer of the earth’s soil, and leaves finer underlying particles more vulnerable to wind erosion. Topsoil contains the earth’s greatest concentration of organic matter and microorganisms, and is where most of the earth’s land-based biological activity  occurs.  Without this fragile  coat of nutrient-laden material, plan life cannot exist. An extreme case of its erosion is found in the Sahel, a transitional zone between the Sahara Desert and  the  tropical  African  rain  forests;  home  to  some  56  million  people.  Overpopulation  and  overgrazing  have opened  the  hyperarid  land  to  wind  erosion,  which  is  stripping  away  the  protective  margin  of  the  Sahel,  and causing  the  desert  to  grow  at  an  alarming  rate.  Between  1950  and  1975,  the  Sahara  Desert  spread  100 kilometers southward through the Sahel. 

The word “leaching” in paragraph 5 is closet in meaning to _____.

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Đáp án A

washing

- leach: (v) làm sói mòn = wassh: (v) cuốn, rửa trôi


Câu 43:

Read the following passage on transport, and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.

(1) Iron production was revolutionized in the early eighteenth century when coke was first used instead of charcoal for refining iron ore. Previously the poor quality of the iron had restricted its use in architecture to items such as chains and tie bars for supporting arches, vaults, and walls. With the improvement in refining ore, it  was  now  possible  to  make  cast-iron  beams,  columns,  and  girders.  During  the  nineteenth  century  further advances were made, notably Bessemer’s process for converting iron into steel, which made the material more commercially viable.

(2)  Iron  was  rapidly  adopted  for  the  construction  of  bridges,  because  its  strength  was  far  greater  than that of stone or timber, but its use in the architecture of buildings developed more slowly. By 1800 a complete internal  iron  skeleton  for  buildings  had  been  developed  in  industrial  architecture  replacing  traditional  timber beams, but it generally remained concealed. Apart from its low cost, the appeal of iron as a building material lay in its strength, its resistance to fire, and its potential to span vast areas. As a result, iron became increasingly popular as a structural material for more traditional styles of architecture during the nineteenth century, but it was invariably concealed.

(3)  Significantly,  the  use  of  exposed  iron  occurred  mainly  in  the  new  building  types  spawned  by  the Industrial Revolution: in factories, warehouses, commercial offices, exhibition hall, and railroad stations, where its  practical  advantages  far  outweighed  its  lack  of  status.  Designers  of  the  railroad  stations  of  the  new  age explored  the  potential  of  iron,  covering  huge  areas  with  spans  that  surpassed  the  great  vaults  of  medieval churches and cathedrals. Paxton’s Crystal Palace, designed to house the Great Exhibition of 1851, covered an area of 1.848 feet by  408 feet in prefabricated units of  glass set in iron frames. The Paris  Exhibition of 1889 included both  the widest span and the  greatest height achieved so far with the Halle  Des Machines, spanning 362 feet, and the Eiffel Tower 1,000 feet high. However, these achievements were mocked by the artistic elite of Paris as expensive and ugly follies. Iron, despite its structural advantages, had little aesthetic status. The use of an exposed iron structure in the more traditional styles of architecture was slower to develop.

What does the passage mainly discuss?

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Đáp án D

The evolution of the use of iron in architecture during the 1800’s.

Đoạn văn chủ yếu thảo luận về cái gì? – Sự phát triển và việc sử dụng sắt trong kiến trúc suốt những năm 1800.

Thông tin nằm ở câu chủ đề đầu đoạn 1: “Iron  production  was  revolutionized  in  the  early  eighteenth century when coke was first used instead of charcoal for refining iron ore.”


Câu 44:

Read the following passage on transport, and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.

(1) Iron production was revolutionized in the early eighteenth century when coke was first used instead of charcoal for refining iron ore. Previously the poor quality of the iron had restricted its use in architecture to items such as chains and tie bars for supporting arches, vaults, and walls. With the improvement in refining ore, it  was  now  possible  to  make  cast-iron  beams,  columns,  and  girders.  During  the  nineteenth  century  further advances were made, notably Bessemer’s process for converting iron into steel, which made the material more commercially viable.

(2)  Iron  was  rapidly  adopted  for  the  construction  of  bridges,  because  its  strength  was  far  greater  than that of stone or timber, but its use in the architecture of buildings developed more slowly. By 1800 a complete internal  iron  skeleton  for  buildings  had  been  developed  in  industrial  architecture  replacing  traditional  timber beams, but it generally remained concealed. Apart from its low cost, the appeal of iron as a building material lay in its strength, its resistance to fire, and its potential to span vast areas. As a result, iron became increasingly popular as a structural material for more traditional styles of architecture during the nineteenth century, but it was invariably concealed.

(3)  Significantly,  the  use  of  exposed  iron  occurred  mainly  in  the  new  building  types  spawned  by  the Industrial Revolution: in factories, warehouses, commercial offices, exhibition hall, and railroad stations, where its  practical  advantages  far  outweighed  its  lack  of  status.  Designers  of  the  railroad  stations  of  the  new  age explored  the  potential  of  iron,  covering  huge  areas  with  spans  that  surpassed  the  great  vaults  of  medieval churches and cathedrals. Paxton’s Crystal Palace, designed to house the Great Exhibition of 1851, covered an area of 1.848 feet by  408 feet in prefabricated units of  glass set in iron frames. The Paris  Exhibition of 1889 included both  the widest span and the  greatest height achieved so far with the Halle  Des Machines, spanning 362 feet, and the Eiffel Tower 1,000 feet high. However, these achievements were mocked by the artistic elite of Paris as expensive and ugly follies. Iron, despite its structural advantages, had little aesthetic status. The use of an exposed iron structure in the more traditional styles of architecture was slower to develop.

According to the passage, iron was NOT used for beams, columns, and girders prior to the early eighteenth century because _____.

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Đáp án D

the use of charcoal for refining ore produced poor quality iron

Thông tin nằm ở đoạn 1: “…instead of charcoal for refining iron ore. Previously the poor quality of the iron had restricted its use in architecture…”

Theo đoạn văn, sắt đã không được sử dụng cho xà, cột và dầm trước khi đến đầu thế kỷ 18 bởi việc sử dụng than củi để luyện quặng tạo ra sắt chất lượng kém.


Câu 45:

Read the following passage on transport, and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.

(1) Iron production was revolutionized in the early eighteenth century when coke was first used instead of charcoal for refining iron ore. Previously the poor quality of the iron had restricted its use in architecture to items such as chains and tie bars for supporting arches, vaults, and walls. With the improvement in refining ore, it  was  now  possible  to  make  cast-iron  beams,  columns,  and  girders.  During  the  nineteenth  century  further advances were made, notably Bessemer’s process for converting iron into steel, which made the material more commercially viable.

(2)  Iron  was  rapidly  adopted  for  the  construction  of  bridges,  because  its  strength  was  far  greater  than that of stone or timber, but its use in the architecture of buildings developed more slowly. By 1800 a complete internal  iron  skeleton  for  buildings  had  been  developed  in  industrial  architecture  replacing  traditional  timber beams, but it generally remained concealed. Apart from its low cost, the appeal of iron as a building material lay in its strength, its resistance to fire, and its potential to span vast areas. As a result, iron became increasingly popular as a structural material for more traditional styles of architecture during the nineteenth century, but it was invariably concealed.

(3)  Significantly,  the  use  of  exposed  iron  occurred  mainly  in  the  new  building  types  spawned  by  the Industrial Revolution: in factories, warehouses, commercial offices, exhibition hall, and railroad stations, where its  practical  advantages  far  outweighed  its  lack  of  status.  Designers  of  the  railroad  stations  of  the  new  age explored  the  potential  of  iron,  covering  huge  areas  with  spans  that  surpassed  the  great  vaults  of  medieval churches and cathedrals. Paxton’s Crystal Palace, designed to house the Great Exhibition of 1851, covered an area of 1.848 feet by  408 feet in prefabricated units of  glass set in iron frames. The Paris  Exhibition of 1889 included both  the widest span and the  greatest height achieved so far with the Halle  Des Machines, spanning 362 feet, and the Eiffel Tower 1,000 feet high. However, these achievements were mocked by the artistic elite of Paris as expensive and ugly follies. Iron, despite its structural advantages, had little aesthetic status. The use of an exposed iron structure in the more traditional styles of architecture was slower to develop.

Iron replaced stone and timber in the building of bridges because iron was considered _____.

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Đáp án C

much stronger

Thông tin nằm ở câu đầu đoạn 2: “Iron was rapidly adopted for the construction of bridges, because its strength was far greater than that of stone or timber,…


Câu 46:

Read the following passage on transport, and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.

(1) Iron production was revolutionized in the early eighteenth century when coke was first used instead of charcoal for refining iron ore. Previously the poor quality of the iron had restricted its use in architecture to items such as chains and tie bars for supporting arches, vaults, and walls. With the improvement in refining ore, it  was  now  possible  to  make  cast-iron  beams,  columns,  and  girders.  During  the  nineteenth  century  further advances were made, notably Bessemer’s process for converting iron into steel, which made the material more commercially viable.

(2)  Iron  was  rapidly  adopted  for  the  construction  of  bridges,  because  its  strength  was  far  greater  than that of stone or timber, but its use in the architecture of buildings developed more slowly. By 1800 a complete internal  iron  skeleton  for  buildings  had  been  developed  in  industrial  architecture  replacing  traditional  timber beams, but it generally remained concealed. Apart from its low cost, the appeal of iron as a building material lay in its strength, its resistance to fire, and its potential to span vast areas. As a result, iron became increasingly popular as a structural material for more traditional styles of architecture during the nineteenth century, but it was invariably concealed.

(3)  Significantly,  the  use  of  exposed  iron  occurred  mainly  in  the  new  building  types  spawned  by  the Industrial Revolution: in factories, warehouses, commercial offices, exhibition hall, and railroad stations, where its  practical  advantages  far  outweighed  its  lack  of  status.  Designers  of  the  railroad  stations  of  the  new  age explored  the  potential  of  iron,  covering  huge  areas  with  spans  that  surpassed  the  great  vaults  of  medieval churches and cathedrals. Paxton’s Crystal Palace, designed to house the Great Exhibition of 1851, covered an area of 1.848 feet by  408 feet in prefabricated units of  glass set in iron frames. The Paris  Exhibition of 1889 included both  the widest span and the  greatest height achieved so far with the Halle  Des Machines, spanning 362 feet, and the Eiffel Tower 1,000 feet high. However, these achievements were mocked by the artistic elite of Paris as expensive and ugly follies. Iron, despite its structural advantages, had little aesthetic status. The use of an exposed iron structure in the more traditional styles of architecture was slower to develop.

The word “it” in paragraph 2 refers to_____.

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Đáp án B

internal iron skeleton

Thông tin nằm ở đoạn 2: “By 1800 a complete internal iron skeleton for buildings had been developed in industrial architecture replacing traditional timber beams, but it generally remained concealed.”

=> it = internal iron skeleton


Câu 47:

Read the following passage on transport, and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.

(1) Iron production was revolutionized in the early eighteenth century when coke was first used instead of charcoal for refining iron ore. Previously the poor quality of the iron had restricted its use in architecture to items such as chains and tie bars for supporting arches, vaults, and walls. With the improvement in refining ore, it  was  now  possible  to  make  cast-iron  beams,  columns,  and  girders.  During  the  nineteenth  century  further advances were made, notably Bessemer’s process for converting iron into steel, which made the material more commercially viable.

(2)  Iron  was  rapidly  adopted  for  the  construction  of  bridges,  because  its  strength  was  far  greater  than that of stone or timber, but its use in the architecture of buildings developed more slowly. By 1800 a complete internal  iron  skeleton  for  buildings  had  been  developed  in  industrial  architecture  replacing  traditional  timber beams, but it generally remained concealed. Apart from its low cost, the appeal of iron as a building material lay in its strength, its resistance to fire, and its potential to span vast areas. As a result, iron became increasingly popular as a structural material for more traditional styles of architecture during the nineteenth century, but it was invariably concealed.

(3)  Significantly,  the  use  of  exposed  iron  occurred  mainly  in  the  new  building  types  spawned  by  the Industrial Revolution: in factories, warehouses, commercial offices, exhibition hall, and railroad stations, where its  practical  advantages  far  outweighed  its  lack  of  status.  Designers  of  the  railroad  stations  of  the  new  age explored  the  potential  of  iron,  covering  huge  areas  with  spans  that  surpassed  the  great  vaults  of  medieval churches and cathedrals. Paxton’s Crystal Palace, designed to house the Great Exhibition of 1851, covered an area of 1.848 feet by  408 feet in prefabricated units of  glass set in iron frames. The Paris  Exhibition of 1889 included both  the widest span and the  greatest height achieved so far with the Halle  Des Machines, spanning 362 feet, and the Eiffel Tower 1,000 feet high. However, these achievements were mocked by the artistic elite of Paris as expensive and ugly follies. Iron, despite its structural advantages, had little aesthetic status. The use of an exposed iron structure in the more traditional styles of architecture was slower to develop.

The word “surpassed” is closest in meaning to _____.

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Đáp án B

exceeded

- surpass: trội hơn, vượt hơn = exceed


Câu 48:

Read the following passage on transport, and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.

(1) Iron production was revolutionized in the early eighteenth century when coke was first used instead of charcoal for refining iron ore. Previously the poor quality of the iron had restricted its use in architecture to items such as chains and tie bars for supporting arches, vaults, and walls. With the improvement in refining ore, it  was  now  possible  to  make  cast-iron  beams,  columns,  and  girders.  During  the  nineteenth  century  further advances were made, notably Bessemer’s process for converting iron into steel, which made the material more commercially viable.

(2)  Iron  was  rapidly  adopted  for  the  construction  of  bridges,  because  its  strength  was  far  greater  than that of stone or timber, but its use in the architecture of buildings developed more slowly. By 1800 a complete internal  iron  skeleton  for  buildings  had  been  developed  in  industrial  architecture  replacing  traditional  timber beams, but it generally remained concealed. Apart from its low cost, the appeal of iron as a building material lay in its strength, its resistance to fire, and its potential to span vast areas. As a result, iron became increasingly popular as a structural material for more traditional styles of architecture during the nineteenth century, but it was invariably concealed.

(3)  Significantly,  the  use  of  exposed  iron  occurred  mainly  in  the  new  building  types  spawned  by  the Industrial Revolution: in factories, warehouses, commercial offices, exhibition hall, and railroad stations, where its  practical  advantages  far  outweighed  its  lack  of  status.  Designers  of  the  railroad  stations  of  the  new  age explored  the  potential  of  iron,  covering  huge  areas  with  spans  that  surpassed  the  great  vaults  of  medieval churches and cathedrals. Paxton’s Crystal Palace, designed to house the Great Exhibition of 1851, covered an area of 1.848 feet by  408 feet in prefabricated units of  glass set in iron frames. The Paris  Exhibition of 1889 included both  the widest span and the  greatest height achieved so far with the Halle  Des Machines, spanning 362 feet, and the Eiffel Tower 1,000 feet high. However, these achievements were mocked by the artistic elite of Paris as expensive and ugly follies. Iron, despite its structural advantages, had little aesthetic status. The use of an exposed iron structure in the more traditional styles of architecture was slower to develop.

According to paragraph 3, the architectural significance of the Halle Des Machines was its _____.

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Đáp án A

wide span

Thông tin nằm ở đoạn 3: “The Paris Exhibition of 1889 included both the widest span and the greatest height achieved so far with the Halle Des Machines, spanning 362 feet, and the Eiffel Tower 1,000 feet high.”


Câu 49:

Read the following passage on transport, and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.

(1) Iron production was revolutionized in the early eighteenth century when coke was first used instead of charcoal for refining iron ore. Previously the poor quality of the iron had restricted its use in architecture to items such as chains and tie bars for supporting arches, vaults, and walls. With the improvement in refining ore, it  was  now  possible  to  make  cast-iron  beams,  columns,  and  girders.  During  the  nineteenth  century  further advances were made, notably Bessemer’s process for converting iron into steel, which made the material more commercially viable.

(2)  Iron  was  rapidly  adopted  for  the  construction  of  bridges,  because  its  strength  was  far  greater  than that of stone or timber, but its use in the architecture of buildings developed more slowly. By 1800 a complete internal  iron  skeleton  for  buildings  had  been  developed  in  industrial  architecture  replacing  traditional  timber beams, but it generally remained concealed. Apart from its low cost, the appeal of iron as a building material lay in its strength, its resistance to fire, and its potential to span vast areas. As a result, iron became increasingly popular as a structural material for more traditional styles of architecture during the nineteenth century, but it was invariably concealed.

(3)  Significantly,  the  use  of  exposed  iron  occurred  mainly  in  the  new  building  types  spawned  by  the Industrial Revolution: in factories, warehouses, commercial offices, exhibition hall, and railroad stations, where its  practical  advantages  far  outweighed  its  lack  of  status.  Designers  of  the  railroad  stations  of  the  new  age explored  the  potential  of  iron,  covering  huge  areas  with  spans  that  surpassed  the  great  vaults  of  medieval churches and cathedrals. Paxton’s Crystal Palace, designed to house the Great Exhibition of 1851, covered an area of 1.848 feet by  408 feet in prefabricated units of  glass set in iron frames. The Paris  Exhibition of 1889 included both  the widest span and the  greatest height achieved so far with the Halle  Des Machines, spanning 362 feet, and the Eiffel Tower 1,000 feet high. However, these achievements were mocked by the artistic elite of Paris as expensive and ugly follies. Iron, despite its structural advantages, had little aesthetic status. The use of an exposed iron structure in the more traditional styles of architecture was slower to develop.

How did the artistic elite mentioned in the passage react to the buildings at the Paris Exhibition?

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Đáp án B

They ridiculed them.

Thông tin nằm ở đoạn 3: “…these achievements were mocked by the artistic elite of Paris…” (mock = ridicule)

– Tầng lớp nghệ sĩ được đề cập trong đoạn văn đã phản ứng như thế nào đối với kiến trúc xây dựng tại triển lãm Paris. Họ đã chế giếu chúng…


Câu 50:

Read the following passage on transport, and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.

(1) Iron production was revolutionized in the early eighteenth century when coke was first used instead of charcoal for refining iron ore. Previously the poor quality of the iron had restricted its use in architecture to items such as chains and tie bars for supporting arches, vaults, and walls. With the improvement in refining ore, it  was  now  possible  to  make  cast-iron  beams,  columns,  and  girders.  During  the  nineteenth  century  further advances were made, notably Bessemer’s process for converting iron into steel, which made the material more commercially viable.

(2)  Iron  was  rapidly  adopted  for  the  construction  of  bridges,  because  its  strength  was  far  greater  than that of stone or timber, but its use in the architecture of buildings developed more slowly. By 1800 a complete internal  iron  skeleton  for  buildings  had  been  developed  in  industrial  architecture  replacing  traditional  timber beams, but it generally remained concealed. Apart from its low cost, the appeal of iron as a building material lay in its strength, its resistance to fire, and its potential to span vast areas. As a result, iron became increasingly popular as a structural material for more traditional styles of architecture during the nineteenth century, but it was invariably concealed.

(3)  Significantly,  the  use  of  exposed  iron  occurred  mainly  in  the  new  building  types  spawned  by  the Industrial Revolution: in factories, warehouses, commercial offices, exhibition hall, and railroad stations, where its  practical  advantages  far  outweighed  its  lack  of  status.  Designers  of  the  railroad  stations  of  the  new  age explored  the  potential  of  iron,  covering  huge  areas  with  spans  that  surpassed  the  great  vaults  of  medieval churches and cathedrals. Paxton’s Crystal Palace, designed to house the Great Exhibition of 1851, covered an area of 1.848 feet by  408 feet in prefabricated units of  glass set in iron frames. The Paris  Exhibition of 1889 included both  the widest span and the  greatest height achieved so far with the Halle  Des Machines, spanning 362 feet, and the Eiffel Tower 1,000 feet high. However, these achievements were mocked by the artistic elite of Paris as expensive and ugly follies. Iron, despite its structural advantages, had little aesthetic status. The use of an exposed iron structure in the more traditional styles of architecture was slower to develop.

It  can  be  inferred  that  the  delayed  use  of  exposed  iron  structures  in  traditional  styles  of architecture is best explained by the _____.

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Đáp án D

general perception that iron structures were not aesthetically pleasing

Thông tin nằm ở đoạn 3: “Iron, despite its structural advantages, had little aesthetic status.”

Có thể suy ra việc sử dụng những kết cấu bằng sắt trong kiểu kiến trúc truyền thống được giải thích tốt nhất bởi… Sự nhận thức chung rằng các kết cấu bằng sắt không làm hài lòng về mặt thẩm mỹ.


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