Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.

Today Islamabad is a thriving city of about 1 million people. It offers a healthy climate, a pollution-free atmosphere, plenty of water, and many green spaces.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.

Scientists hope that this new drug will be a major breakthrough in the fight against AIDS.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.

They design and carry out projects aiming to reduce fossil fuel consumption, find renewable fuels for public transport, and promote other clean air efforts.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.

If I take the pessimistic viewpoint, Tokyo won't be a safe place to live in.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.

To reduce carbon emissions into the atmosphere, ways to limit the use of private cars must be found.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct response to each of the following exchanges.

“What if I quit more than 3 sessions?” – “____”

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct response to each of the following exchanges.

“____” – “Yes, I love it here. Everything I want is only five minutes away.”

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct response to each of the following exchanges.

“City dwellers are always so busy, aren't they?" – "____”

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct response to each of the following exchanges.

“____” – “London's so big. It took me ages to find my way round.”

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct response to each of the following exchanges.

“Most cities aren't safe places to live, are they?" – "____”

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.

MARRAKECH

Where can you go in January for almost guaranteed sunshine – without travelling for most of the day to get there? The answer is Marrakech in Morocco, a four-hour (16) ____ from Britain, where the average temperature is a pleasant 66°F.

Marrakech is a city of (17) ____ beauty, with its pink buildings and green palm trees contrasting with the snow-covered (18) ____ of the Atlas Mountains in the distance. For tourists, there's the added attraction of excellent food at reasonable prices, and high quality accommodation, such as Hotel La Momounia, (19) ____ as one of the top hotels in the world.

(20) ____ Marrakech is one of Morocco's busiest and most modern cities, the influence of the Middle Ages is still very evident. (21) ____ can admire the battlements, towers, and mosques, which were built (22) ____ centuries ago. And forget about shopping malls – for perfumes, fabrics, antiques, spices and crafts, (23) ____ the ‘souks’, open-air market places where you'll almost (24) ____ find something to take back home.

For those who want to (25) ____ sport Marrakech has plenty to offer. In addition to golf and tennis, there is also skiing on the slopes of the high Atlas Mountains, where the views of the surrounding area are quite spectacular. Alternatively, you could just relax by a heated swimming pool and dream of your next visit.

Question 16

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.

MARRAKECH

Where can you go in January for almost guaranteed sunshine – without travelling for most of the day to get there? The answer is Marrakech in Morocco, a four-hour (16) ____ from Britain, where the average temperature is a pleasant 66°F.

Marrakech is a city of (17) ____ beauty, with its pink buildings and green palm trees contrasting with the snow-covered (18) ____ of the Atlas Mountains in the distance. For tourists, there's the added attraction of excellent food at reasonable prices, and high quality accommodation, such as Hotel La Momounia, (19) ____ as one of the top hotels in the world.

(20) ____ Marrakech is one of Morocco's busiest and most modern cities, the influence of the Middle Ages is still very evident. (21) ____ can admire the battlements, towers, and mosques, which were built (22) ____ centuries ago. And forget about shopping malls – for perfumes, fabrics, antiques, spices and crafts, (23) ____ the ‘souks’, open-air market places where you'll almost (24) ____ find something to take back home.

For those who want to (25) ____ sport Marrakech has plenty to offer. In addition to golf and tennis, there is also skiing on the slopes of the high Atlas Mountains, where the views of the surrounding area are quite spectacular. Alternatively, you could just relax by a heated swimming pool and dream of your next visit.

Question 17

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.

MARRAKECH

Where can you go in January for almost guaranteed sunshine – without travelling for most of the day to get there? The answer is Marrakech in Morocco, a four-hour (16) ____ from Britain, where the average temperature is a pleasant 66°F.

Marrakech is a city of (17) ____ beauty, with its pink buildings and green palm trees contrasting with the snow-covered (18) ____ of the Atlas Mountains in the distance. For tourists, there's the added attraction of excellent food at reasonable prices, and high quality accommodation, such as Hotel La Momounia, (19) ____ as one of the top hotels in the world.

(20) ____ Marrakech is one of Morocco's busiest and most modern cities, the influence of the Middle Ages is still very evident. (21) ____ can admire the battlements, towers, and mosques, which were built (22) ____ centuries ago. And forget about shopping malls – for perfumes, fabrics, antiques, spices and crafts, (23) ____ the ‘souks’, open-air market places where you'll almost (24) ____ find something to take back home.

For those who want to (25) ____ sport Marrakech has plenty to offer. In addition to golf and tennis, there is also skiing on the slopes of the high Atlas Mountains, where the views of the surrounding area are quite spectacular. Alternatively, you could just relax by a heated swimming pool and dream of your next visit.

Question 18

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.

MARRAKECH

Where can you go in January for almost guaranteed sunshine – without travelling for most of the day to get there? The answer is Marrakech in Morocco, a four-hour (16) ____ from Britain, where the average temperature is a pleasant 66°F.

Marrakech is a city of (17) ____ beauty, with its pink buildings and green palm trees contrasting with the snow-covered (18) ____ of the Atlas Mountains in the distance. For tourists, there's the added attraction of excellent food at reasonable prices, and high quality accommodation, such as Hotel La Momounia, (19) ____ as one of the top hotels in the world.

(20) ____ Marrakech is one of Morocco's busiest and most modern cities, the influence of the Middle Ages is still very evident. (21) ____ can admire the battlements, towers, and mosques, which were built (22) ____ centuries ago. And forget about shopping malls – for perfumes, fabrics, antiques, spices and crafts, (23) ____ the ‘souks’, open-air market places where you'll almost (24) ____ find something to take back home.

For those who want to (25) ____ sport Marrakech has plenty to offer. In addition to golf and tennis, there is also skiing on the slopes of the high Atlas Mountains, where the views of the surrounding area are quite spectacular. Alternatively, you could just relax by a heated swimming pool and dream of your next visit.

Question 19

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.

MARRAKECH

Where can you go in January for almost guaranteed sunshine – without travelling for most of the day to get there? The answer is Marrakech in Morocco, a four-hour (16) ____ from Britain, where the average temperature is a pleasant 66°F.

Marrakech is a city of (17) ____ beauty, with its pink buildings and green palm trees contrasting with the snow-covered (18) ____ of the Atlas Mountains in the distance. For tourists, there's the added attraction of excellent food at reasonable prices, and high quality accommodation, such as Hotel La Momounia, (19) ____ as one of the top hotels in the world.

(20) ____ Marrakech is one of Morocco's busiest and most modern cities, the influence of the Middle Ages is still very evident. (21) ____ can admire the battlements, towers, and mosques, which were built (22) ____ centuries ago. And forget about shopping malls – for perfumes, fabrics, antiques, spices and crafts, (23) ____ the ‘souks’, open-air market places where you'll almost (24) ____ find something to take back home.

For those who want to (25) ____ sport Marrakech has plenty to offer. In addition to golf and tennis, there is also skiing on the slopes of the high Atlas Mountains, where the views of the surrounding area are quite spectacular. Alternatively, you could just relax by a heated swimming pool and dream of your next visit.

Question 20

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.

MARRAKECH

Where can you go in January for almost guaranteed sunshine – without travelling for most of the day to get there? The answer is Marrakech in Morocco, a four-hour (16) ____ from Britain, where the average temperature is a pleasant 66°F.

Marrakech is a city of (17) ____ beauty, with its pink buildings and green palm trees contrasting with the snow-covered (18) ____ of the Atlas Mountains in the distance. For tourists, there's the added attraction of excellent food at reasonable prices, and high quality accommodation, such as Hotel La Momounia, (19) ____ as one of the top hotels in the world.

(20) ____ Marrakech is one of Morocco's busiest and most modern cities, the influence of the Middle Ages is still very evident. (21) ____ can admire the battlements, towers, and mosques, which were built (22) ____ centuries ago. And forget about shopping malls – for perfumes, fabrics, antiques, spices and crafts, (23) ____ the ‘souks’, open-air market places where you'll almost (24) ____ find something to take back home.

For those who want to (25) ____ sport Marrakech has plenty to offer. In addition to golf and tennis, there is also skiing on the slopes of the high Atlas Mountains, where the views of the surrounding area are quite spectacular. Alternatively, you could just relax by a heated swimming pool and dream of your next visit.

Question 21

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.

MARRAKECH

Where can you go in January for almost guaranteed sunshine – without travelling for most of the day to get there? The answer is Marrakech in Morocco, a four-hour (16) ____ from Britain, where the average temperature is a pleasant 66°F.

Marrakech is a city of (17) ____ beauty, with its pink buildings and green palm trees contrasting with the snow-covered (18) ____ of the Atlas Mountains in the distance. For tourists, there's the added attraction of excellent food at reasonable prices, and high quality accommodation, such as Hotel La Momounia, (19) ____ as one of the top hotels in the world.

(20) ____ Marrakech is one of Morocco's busiest and most modern cities, the influence of the Middle Ages is still very evident. (21) ____ can admire the battlements, towers, and mosques, which were built (22) ____ centuries ago. And forget about shopping malls – for perfumes, fabrics, antiques, spices and crafts, (23) ____ the ‘souks’, open-air market places where you'll almost (24) ____ find something to take back home.

For those who want to (25) ____ sport Marrakech has plenty to offer. In addition to golf and tennis, there is also skiing on the slopes of the high Atlas Mountains, where the views of the surrounding area are quite spectacular. Alternatively, you could just relax by a heated swimming pool and dream of your next visit.

Question 22

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.

MARRAKECH

Where can you go in January for almost guaranteed sunshine – without travelling for most of the day to get there? The answer is Marrakech in Morocco, a four-hour (16) ____ from Britain, where the average temperature is a pleasant 66°F.

Marrakech is a city of (17) ____ beauty, with its pink buildings and green palm trees contrasting with the snow-covered (18) ____ of the Atlas Mountains in the distance. For tourists, there's the added attraction of excellent food at reasonable prices, and high quality accommodation, such as Hotel La Momounia, (19) ____ as one of the top hotels in the world.

(20) ____ Marrakech is one of Morocco's busiest and most modern cities, the influence of the Middle Ages is still very evident. (21) ____ can admire the battlements, towers, and mosques, which were built (22) ____ centuries ago. And forget about shopping malls – for perfumes, fabrics, antiques, spices and crafts, (23) ____ the ‘souks’, open-air market places where you'll almost (24) ____ find something to take back home.

For those who want to (25) ____ sport Marrakech has plenty to offer. In addition to golf and tennis, there is also skiing on the slopes of the high Atlas Mountains, where the views of the surrounding area are quite spectacular. Alternatively, you could just relax by a heated swimming pool and dream of your next visit.

Question 23

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.

MARRAKECH

Where can you go in January for almost guaranteed sunshine – without travelling for most of the day to get there? The answer is Marrakech in Morocco, a four-hour (16) ____ from Britain, where the average temperature is a pleasant 66°F.

Marrakech is a city of (17) ____ beauty, with its pink buildings and green palm trees contrasting with the snow-covered (18) ____ of the Atlas Mountains in the distance. For tourists, there's the added attraction of excellent food at reasonable prices, and high quality accommodation, such as Hotel La Momounia, (19) ____ as one of the top hotels in the world.

(20) ____ Marrakech is one of Morocco's busiest and most modern cities, the influence of the Middle Ages is still very evident. (21) ____ can admire the battlements, towers, and mosques, which were built (22) ____ centuries ago. And forget about shopping malls – for perfumes, fabrics, antiques, spices and crafts, (23) ____ the ‘souks’, open-air market places where you'll almost (24) ____ find something to take back home.

For those who want to (25) ____ sport Marrakech has plenty to offer. In addition to golf and tennis, there is also skiing on the slopes of the high Atlas Mountains, where the views of the surrounding area are quite spectacular. Alternatively, you could just relax by a heated swimming pool and dream of your next visit.

Question 24

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.

MARRAKECH

Where can you go in January for almost guaranteed sunshine – without travelling for most of the day to get there? The answer is Marrakech in Morocco, a four-hour (16) ____ from Britain, where the average temperature is a pleasant 66°F.

Marrakech is a city of (17) ____ beauty, with its pink buildings and green palm trees contrasting with the snow-covered (18) ____ of the Atlas Mountains in the distance. For tourists, there's the added attraction of excellent food at reasonable prices, and high quality accommodation, such as Hotel La Momounia, (19) ____ as one of the top hotels in the world.

(20) ____ Marrakech is one of Morocco's busiest and most modern cities, the influence of the Middle Ages is still very evident. (21) ____ can admire the battlements, towers, and mosques, which were built (22) ____ centuries ago. And forget about shopping malls – for perfumes, fabrics, antiques, spices and crafts, (23) ____ the ‘souks’, open-air market places where you'll almost (24) ____ find something to take back home.

For those who want to (25) ____ sport Marrakech has plenty to offer. In addition to golf and tennis, there is also skiing on the slopes of the high Atlas Mountains, where the views of the surrounding area are quite spectacular. Alternatively, you could just relax by a heated swimming pool and dream of your next visit.

Question 25

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

LESSONS FROM CURITIBA

Urban planning deals with the physical, economic, and social development of cities. Today urban populations are increasing rapidly, and growing cities are putting enormous pressure on the environment. For this reason, the type of urban planning found in Curitiba, in southern Brazil, is more important than ever.

Curitiba is a fine example of how urban planning can work. This has not always been the case, however. At one time, Curitiba faced the same problems as many other cities all over the world, namely overcrowding, pollution, and an increased demand for services, transport, and housing. How, then, did Curitiba address these problems?

By the 1940s the population of Curitiba had grown to about 150,000 as immigrants from countries such as Japan, Syria, and Lebanon came to work in agriculture and industry. These people needed both housing and transportation. Curitiba's leaders realised that it was not sensible to deal with these problems separately. Consequently, they employed a French planner and architect, Alfred Agache, to find an overall solution.

Agache studied all aspects of the problem. He designed a scheme which gave priority to public services such as sanitation and public transport. At the same time, the scheme included centres which helped both community life and commerce to develop, and reduced traffic congestion. This was the first scheme to address several problems of growing cities at the same time. Unfortunately, some parts of his plan were not completed. The result, as described below, was that his scheme only served Curitiba for another 20 years.

By the 1960s, the population of Curitiba had grown to about 430,000 inhabitants, so the city had to rethink its needs. In order to do this, the mayor put together a team of architects and town planners led by Jaime Lerner. This team produced the Curitiba Master Plan. This consisted of taking Agache's original plan and adding wide, high-speed roads which crossed the smaller streets. Their proposals also included plans to minimise urban growth, reduce city centre traffic, and preserve the city's historic district. It is clear that the Curitiba Master Plan was one of the first attempts to integrate all aspects of city planning.

This integrated approach to urban design was maintained throughout the 1980s as Curitiba's population grew to almost one million inhabitants. Environmental facilities were added, such as a recycling programme for household waste, and parks and 'green' spaces were protected from development. However, good transportation remained central to the planning.

Good transportation still remains a priority, together with the needs for jobs. A growing population needs employment, so business parks and centres have been added to encourage new small businesses. All these changes will continue be the population of Curitiba increases, but its city planners are continually searching for solutions to the problems.

What aspect of development does urban planning NOT deal with?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

LESSONS FROM CURITIBA

Urban planning deals with the physical, economic, and social development of cities. Today urban populations are increasing rapidly, and growing cities are putting enormous pressure on the environment. For this reason, the type of urban planning found in Curitiba, in southern Brazil, is more important than ever.

Curitiba is a fine example of how urban planning can work. This has not always been the case, however. At one time, Curitiba faced the same problems as many other cities all over the world, namely overcrowding, pollution, and an increased demand for services, transport, and housing. How, then, did Curitiba address these problems?

By the 1940s the population of Curitiba had grown to about 150,000 as immigrants from countries such as Japan, Syria, and Lebanon came to work in agriculture and industry. These people needed both housing and transportation. Curitiba's leaders realised that it was not sensible to deal with these problems separately. Consequently, they employed a French planner and architect, Alfred Agache, to find an overall solution.

Agache studied all aspects of the problem. He designed a scheme which gave priority to public services such as sanitation and public transport. At the same time, the scheme included centres which helped both community life and commerce to develop, and reduced traffic congestion. This was the first scheme to address several problems of growing cities at the same time. Unfortunately, some parts of his plan were not completed. The result, as described below, was that his scheme only served Curitiba for another 20 years.

By the 1960s, the population of Curitiba had grown to about 430,000 inhabitants, so the city had to rethink its needs. In order to do this, the mayor put together a team of architects and town planners led by Jaime Lerner. This team produced the Curitiba Master Plan. This consisted of taking Agache's original plan and adding wide, high-speed roads which crossed the smaller streets. Their proposals also included plans to minimise urban growth, reduce city centre traffic, and preserve the city's historic district. It is clear that the Curitiba Master Plan was one of the first attempts to integrate all aspects of city planning.

This integrated approach to urban design was maintained throughout the 1980s as Curitiba's population grew to almost one million inhabitants. Environmental facilities were added, such as a recycling programme for household waste, and parks and 'green' spaces were protected from development. However, good transportation remained central to the planning.

Good transportation still remains a priority, together with the needs for jobs. A growing population needs employment, so business parks and centres have been added to encourage new small businesses. All these changes will continue be the population of Curitiba increases, but its city planners are continually searching for solutions to the problems.

How many problems are mentioned in the passage as commonly shared by many cities?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

LESSONS FROM CURITIBA

Urban planning deals with the physical, economic, and social development of cities. Today urban populations are increasing rapidly, and growing cities are putting enormous pressure on the environment. For this reason, the type of urban planning found in Curitiba, in southern Brazil, is more important than ever.

Curitiba is a fine example of how urban planning can work. This has not always been the case, however. At one time, Curitiba faced the same problems as many other cities all over the world, namely overcrowding, pollution, and an increased demand for services, transport, and housing. How, then, did Curitiba address these problems?

By the 1940s the population of Curitiba had grown to about 150,000 as immigrants from countries such as Japan, Syria, and Lebanon came to work in agriculture and industry. These people needed both housing and transportation. Curitiba's leaders realised that it was not sensible to deal with these problems separately. Consequently, they employed a French planner and architect, Alfred Agache, to find an overall solution.

Agache studied all aspects of the problem. He designed a scheme which gave priority to public services such as sanitation and public transport. At the same time, the scheme included centres which helped both community life and commerce to develop, and reduced traffic congestion. This was the first scheme to address several problems of growing cities at the same time. Unfortunately, some parts of his plan were not completed. The result, as described below, was that his scheme only served Curitiba for another 20 years.

By the 1960s, the population of Curitiba had grown to about 430,000 inhabitants, so the city had to rethink its needs. In order to do this, the mayor put together a team of architects and town planners led by Jaime Lerner. This team produced the Curitiba Master Plan. This consisted of taking Agache's original plan and adding wide, high-speed roads which crossed the smaller streets. Their proposals also included plans to minimise urban growth, reduce city centre traffic, and preserve the city's historic district. It is clear that the Curitiba Master Plan was one of the first attempts to integrate all aspects of city planning.

This integrated approach to urban design was maintained throughout the 1980s as Curitiba's population grew to almost one million inhabitants. Environmental facilities were added, such as a recycling programme for household waste, and parks and 'green' spaces were protected from development. However, good transportation remained central to the planning.

Good transportation still remains a priority, together with the needs for jobs. A growing population needs employment, so business parks and centres have been added to encourage new small businesses. All these changes will continue be the population of Curitiba increases, but its city planners are continually searching for solutions to the problems.

What was the main cause of the increase in Curitiba's population Delore the 1940s?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

LESSONS FROM CURITIBA

Urban planning deals with the physical, economic, and social development of cities. Today urban populations are increasing rapidly, and growing cities are putting enormous pressure on the environment. For this reason, the type of urban planning found in Curitiba, in southern Brazil, is more important than ever.

Curitiba is a fine example of how urban planning can work. This has not always been the case, however. At one time, Curitiba faced the same problems as many other cities all over the world, namely overcrowding, pollution, and an increased demand for services, transport, and housing. How, then, did Curitiba address these problems?

By the 1940s the population of Curitiba had grown to about 150,000 as immigrants from countries such as Japan, Syria, and Lebanon came to work in agriculture and industry. These people needed both housing and transportation. Curitiba's leaders realised that it was not sensible to deal with these problems separately. Consequently, they employed a French planner and architect, Alfred Agache, to find an overall solution.

Agache studied all aspects of the problem. He designed a scheme which gave priority to public services such as sanitation and public transport. At the same time, the scheme included centres which helped both community life and commerce to develop, and reduced traffic congestion. This was the first scheme to address several problems of growing cities at the same time. Unfortunately, some parts of his plan were not completed. The result, as described below, was that his scheme only served Curitiba for another 20 years.

By the 1960s, the population of Curitiba had grown to about 430,000 inhabitants, so the city had to rethink its needs. In order to do this, the mayor put together a team of architects and town planners led by Jaime Lerner. This team produced the Curitiba Master Plan. This consisted of taking Agache's original plan and adding wide, high-speed roads which crossed the smaller streets. Their proposals also included plans to minimise urban growth, reduce city centre traffic, and preserve the city's historic district. It is clear that the Curitiba Master Plan was one of the first attempts to integrate all aspects of city planning.

This integrated approach to urban design was maintained throughout the 1980s as Curitiba's population grew to almost one million inhabitants. Environmental facilities were added, such as a recycling programme for household waste, and parks and 'green' spaces were protected from development. However, good transportation remained central to the planning.

Good transportation still remains a priority, together with the needs for jobs. A growing population needs employment, so business parks and centres have been added to encourage new small businesses. All these changes will continue be the population of Curitiba increases, but its city planners are continually searching for solutions to the problems.

In what ways was Agache’s approach different?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

LESSONS FROM CURITIBA

Urban planning deals with the physical, economic, and social development of cities. Today urban populations are increasing rapidly, and growing cities are putting enormous pressure on the environment. For this reason, the type of urban planning found in Curitiba, in southern Brazil, is more important than ever.

Curitiba is a fine example of how urban planning can work. This has not always been the case, however. At one time, Curitiba faced the same problems as many other cities all over the world, namely overcrowding, pollution, and an increased demand for services, transport, and housing. How, then, did Curitiba address these problems?

By the 1940s the population of Curitiba had grown to about 150,000 as immigrants from countries such as Japan, Syria, and Lebanon came to work in agriculture and industry. These people needed both housing and transportation. Curitiba's leaders realised that it was not sensible to deal with these problems separately. Consequently, they employed a French planner and architect, Alfred Agache, to find an overall solution.

Agache studied all aspects of the problem. He designed a scheme which gave priority to public services such as sanitation and public transport. At the same time, the scheme included centres which helped both community life and commerce to develop, and reduced traffic congestion. This was the first scheme to address several problems of growing cities at the same time. Unfortunately, some parts of his plan were not completed. The result, as described below, was that his scheme only served Curitiba for another 20 years.

By the 1960s, the population of Curitiba had grown to about 430,000 inhabitants, so the city had to rethink its needs. In order to do this, the mayor put together a team of architects and town planners led by Jaime Lerner. This team produced the Curitiba Master Plan. This consisted of taking Agache's original plan and adding wide, high-speed roads which crossed the smaller streets. Their proposals also included plans to minimise urban growth, reduce city centre traffic, and preserve the city's historic district. It is clear that the Curitiba Master Plan was one of the first attempts to integrate all aspects of city planning.

This integrated approach to urban design was maintained throughout the 1980s as Curitiba's population grew to almost one million inhabitants. Environmental facilities were added, such as a recycling programme for household waste, and parks and 'green' spaces were protected from development. However, good transportation remained central to the planning.

Good transportation still remains a priority, together with the needs for jobs. A growing population needs employment, so business parks and centres have been added to encourage new small businesses. All these changes will continue be the population of Curitiba increases, but its city planners are continually searching for solutions to the problems.

What did the Curitiba Master Plan do?