Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the rest in the position of the main stress in each of the following questions.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the rest in the position of the main stress in each of the following questions.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

Peter ordered a pizza and salad.__________pizza was nice but__________salad was disgusting.

Since the end of the war, the Government __________over five thousand of prisoners.

The suspect was seen__________the building by at least a dozen witnesses.

The four men are widely believed__________by their captors because their family did not agree to pay the ransom.

Having counted all the students on the bus, __________

Many exam candidates lose marks simply__________they do not read the questions properly.

What__________to your family if you were to die in an accident?

Those Americans are looking for a place where they can exchange their dollars__________pounds.

All attempts at__________were stamped on by senior officials.

NATO has finally arrived at an important decision to__________cruise missiles in the battle.

The woman crying in front of the burning house has lost her most__________possession in the fire.

The woman was confused about whether or not to__________the pregnancy.

His voice had a freshness that would make many tenors under the age of 40 go green with__________.

This band normally__________their album with an instrumental track.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions.

what was once a great and powerful empire have effectively ceased to be.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions.

One of the boys kept laughing, this annoyed Jane intensely.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions.

I’m trying to cut down on diary product intake and it’s difficult because I adore cheese.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions.

This country wouldn’t have much income without tourism.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions.

Many people were severely critical of the proposal for the new motorway.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions.

There was no precedent for the President’s resignation in the country.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best combines each pair of sentences in the following questions.

His friends supported and encouraged him. He did really well in the competition.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best combines each pair of sentences in the following questions.

Joe has finished his first-aid course. He proves extremely helpful as a rescue worker.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the most suitable response to complete each of the following exchanges.

Tim: “__________”

Laura: “Oh, thank you. I just got it yesterday.”

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the most suitable response to complete each of the following exchanges.

Tim: “Would you like to have dinner with me?” -

Steve: “__________.”

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word or phrase that is CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined part in each of the following questions.

Within their home country, National Red Cross and Red Crescent societies assume the duties and responsibilities of a national relief society.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word or phrase that is CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined part in each of the following questions.

1 had tried to sketch an aspect of life that I had seen and known, and that was very well indeed, and I had wrought patiently and carefully in the art of the poor little affair.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word or phrase that is OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined part in each of the following questions

She was brought up in a well-off family. She cant understand the problems we are facing.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word or phrase that is OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined part in each of the following questions

He fell foul of me when I asked him to apologize to his teacher.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or Don your answer sheet to indicate the correct word for each of the blanks from 33 to 37.

The wildlife of the Juan Fernandez Archipelago remained undisturbed until the arrival of European settlers, who introduced their animals to the Islands. Amongst these were goats and cows to be bred for meat and milk, but also rats and mice which had jumped ship. Cats later brought over to kill these pests also quickly escaped into the (33) __________. Little did the settlers understand the impact this would have on local species. The rabbits they'd brought over too, could not be held in captivity for long, and their numbers rapidly expanded. But it was not just fauna that arrived but also (34) __________. Plants such as the blackberry bramble flourished in the tropical climate and spread throughout the native forest.

In the past, the islands’ birds had no natural predators. Many therefore evolved to lay their eggs in ground nests. This habit now makes them incredibly (35) __________as rats and mice destroy their eggs and cats devour the newly hatched chicks. Meanwhile grazing goats, rabbits and cows have turned once fertile valleys into wasteland. One now rare tree species is known as the Luma, in which firecrown hummingbirds nests. Today the Luma is being covered over by spiky blackberry brambles, the hummingbird’s natural habitat is disappearing and the fear is that they will soon (36) __________. Conservationists from Chile and around the world are uniting to show the urgent need for preservation of these islands' original and unique species. They know the best way to do this is to (37) __________the plants and animals that are alien species.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or Don your answer sheet to indicate the correct word for each of the blanks from 33 to 37.

The wildlife of the Juan Fernandez Archipelago remained undisturbed until the arrival of European settlers, who introduced their animals to the Islands. Amongst these were goats and cows to be bred for meat and milk, but also rats and mice which had jumped ship. Cats later brought over to kill these pests also quickly escaped into the (33) __________. Little did the settlers understand the impact this would have on local species. The rabbits they'd brought over too, could not be held in captivity for long, and their numbers rapidly expanded. But it was not just fauna that arrived but also (34) __________. Plants such as the blackberry bramble flourished in the tropical climate and spread throughout the native forest.

In the past, the islands’ birds had no natural predators. Many therefore evolved to lay their eggs in ground nests. This habit now makes them incredibly (35) __________as rats and mice destroy their eggs and cats devour the newly hatched chicks. Meanwhile grazing goats, rabbits and cows have turned once fertile valleys into wasteland. One now rare tree species is known as the Luma, in which firecrown hummingbirds nests. Today the Luma is being covered over by spiky blackberry brambles, the hummingbird’s natural habitat is disappearing and the fear is that they will soon (36) __________. Conservationists from Chile and around the world are uniting to show the urgent need for preservation of these islands' original and unique species. They know the best way to do this is to (37) __________the plants and animals that are alien species.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or Don your answer sheet to indicate the correct word for each of the blanks from 33 to 37.

The wildlife of the Juan Fernandez Archipelago remained undisturbed until the arrival of European settlers, who introduced their animals to the Islands. Amongst these were goats and cows to be bred for meat and milk, but also rats and mice which had jumped ship. Cats later brought over to kill these pests also quickly escaped into the (33) __________. Little did the settlers understand the impact this would have on local species. The rabbits they'd brought over too, could not be held in captivity for long, and their numbers rapidly expanded. But it was not just fauna that arrived but also (34) __________. Plants such as the blackberry bramble flourished in the tropical climate and spread throughout the native forest.

In the past, the islands’ birds had no natural predators. Many therefore evolved to lay their eggs in ground nests. This habit now makes them incredibly (35) __________as rats and mice destroy their eggs and cats devour the newly hatched chicks. Meanwhile grazing goats, rabbits and cows have turned once fertile valleys into wasteland. One now rare tree species is known as the Luma, in which firecrown hummingbirds nests. Today the Luma is being covered over by spiky blackberry brambles, the hummingbird’s natural habitat is disappearing and the fear is that they will soon (36) __________. Conservationists from Chile and around the world are uniting to show the urgent need for preservation of these islands' original and unique species. They know the best way to do this is to (37) __________the plants and animals that are alien species.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or Don your answer sheet to indicate the correct word for each of the blanks from 33 to 37.

The wildlife of the Juan Fernandez Archipelago remained undisturbed until the arrival of European settlers, who introduced their animals to the Islands. Amongst these were goats and cows to be bred for meat and milk, but also rats and mice which had jumped ship. Cats later brought over to kill these pests also quickly escaped into the (33) __________. Little did the settlers understand the impact this would have on local species. The rabbits they'd brought over too, could not be held in captivity for long, and their numbers rapidly expanded. But it was not just fauna that arrived but also (34) __________. Plants such as the blackberry bramble flourished in the tropical climate and spread throughout the native forest.

In the past, the islands’ birds had no natural predators. Many therefore evolved to lay their eggs in ground nests. This habit now makes them incredibly (35) __________as rats and mice destroy their eggs and cats devour the newly hatched chicks. Meanwhile grazing goats, rabbits and cows have turned once fertile valleys into wasteland. One now rare tree species is known as the Luma, in which firecrown hummingbirds nests. Today the Luma is being covered over by spiky blackberry brambles, the hummingbird’s natural habitat is disappearing and the fear is that they will soon (36) __________. Conservationists from Chile and around the world are uniting to show the urgent need for preservation of these islands' original and unique species. They know the best way to do this is to (37) __________the plants and animals that are alien species.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or Don your answer sheet to indicate the correct word for each of the blanks from 33 to 37.

The wildlife of the Juan Fernandez Archipelago remained undisturbed until the arrival of European settlers, who introduced their animals to the Islands. Amongst these were goats and cows to be bred for meat and milk, but also rats and mice which had jumped ship. Cats later brought over to kill these pests also quickly escaped into the (33) __________. Little did the settlers understand the impact this would have on local species. The rabbits they'd brought over too, could not be held in captivity for long, and their numbers rapidly expanded. But it was not just fauna that arrived but also (34) __________. Plants such as the blackberry bramble flourished in the tropical climate and spread throughout the native forest.

In the past, the islands’ birds had no natural predators. Many therefore evolved to lay their eggs in ground nests. This habit now makes them incredibly (35) __________as rats and mice destroy their eggs and cats devour the newly hatched chicks. Meanwhile grazing goats, rabbits and cows have turned once fertile valleys into wasteland. One now rare tree species is known as the Luma, in which firecrown hummingbirds nests. Today the Luma is being covered over by spiky blackberry brambles, the hummingbird’s natural habitat is disappearing and the fear is that they will soon (36) __________. Conservationists from Chile and around the world are uniting to show the urgent need for preservation of these islands' original and unique species. They know the best way to do this is to (37) __________the plants and animals that are alien species.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 38 to 42.

TEENAGE FICTION

Teenagers have their own TV channels, websites and magazines. So, what about books? Last year one publisher, Martins, started publishing a series called Waves. We spoke to the director Julia Smith. She explained, “Teenage fiction has been published since the 1970s but publishers have never been particularly successful in getting teenagers to buy and read books. Now they’re realizing that teenagers aren’t just older children but they’re not adults either and often aren’t interested in adult fiction. For this series we’re looking for new writers who write especially for teenagers.”

Athene Gorr’s novel was published in the series last year and is selling well. Its title is The Purple Ring, she says, “The important thing is to persuade teenagers to pick up your book. I’m a new writer so, although I’ve got an unusual name which people might remember, nobody knows it yet! But my book has a fantastic cover which makes people want to look inside. Then they realize what a brilliant story it is!”

And what do teenagers themselves think about the series? We talked to Sophie Clarke, aged 15. She said, “I’ve read a few books in the Waves series. They say they’re for 14 - 19 year-olds and I agree with that. We’re not interested in the same things as people in their twenties and thirties. I like them and I think they look really good too. The only thing is that because bookshops put them in the children’s section, lots of teenagers won’t find them so they may not do very well. And it’s a shame there’s no non-fiction in the series as I think lots of teenagers, especially boys, might buy that.”

What is the writer trying to do?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 38 to 42.

TEENAGE FICTION

Teenagers have their own TV channels, websites and magazines. So, what about books? Last year one publisher, Martins, started publishing a series called Waves. We spoke to the director Julia Smith. She explained, “Teenage fiction has been published since the 1970s but publishers have never been particularly successful in getting teenagers to buy and read books. Now they’re realizing that teenagers aren’t just older children but they’re not adults either and often aren’t interested in adult fiction. For this series we’re looking for new writers who write especially for teenagers.”

Athene Gorr’s novel was published in the series last year and is selling well. Its title is The Purple Ring, she says, “The important thing is to persuade teenagers to pick up your book. I’m a new writer so, although I’ve got an unusual name which people might remember, nobody knows it yet! But my book has a fantastic cover which makes people want to look inside. Then they realize what a brilliant story it is!”

And what do teenagers themselves think about the series? We talked to Sophie Clarke, aged 15. She said, “I’ve read a few books in the Waves series. They say they’re for 14 - 19 year-olds and I agree with that. We’re not interested in the same things as people in their twenties and thirties. I like them and I think they look really good too. The only thing is that because bookshops put them in the children’s section, lots of teenagers won’t find them so they may not do very well. And it’s a shame there’s no non-fiction in the series as I think lots of teenagers, especially boys, might buy that.”

Julia Smith says publishers now recognize that teenagers__________.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 38 to 42.

TEENAGE FICTION

Teenagers have their own TV channels, websites and magazines. So, what about books? Last year one publisher, Martins, started publishing a series called Waves. We spoke to the director Julia Smith. She explained, “Teenage fiction has been published since the 1970s but publishers have never been particularly successful in getting teenagers to buy and read books. Now they’re realizing that teenagers aren’t just older children but they’re not adults either and often aren’t interested in adult fiction. For this series we’re looking for new writers who write especially for teenagers.”

Athene Gorr’s novel was published in the series last year and is selling well. Its title is The Purple Ring, she says, “The important thing is to persuade teenagers to pick up your book. I’m a new writer so, although I’ve got an unusual name which people might remember, nobody knows it yet! But my book has a fantastic cover which makes people want to look inside. Then they realize what a brilliant story it is!”

And what do teenagers themselves think about the series? We talked to Sophie Clarke, aged 15. She said, “I’ve read a few books in the Waves series. They say they’re for 14 - 19 year-olds and I agree with that. We’re not interested in the same things as people in their twenties and thirties. I like them and I think they look really good too. The only thing is that because bookshops put them in the children’s section, lots of teenagers won’t find them so they may not do very well. And it’s a shame there’s no non-fiction in the series as I think lots of teenagers, especially boys, might buy that.”

Athene Gorr thinks teenagers were attracted to her book because of__________

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 38 to 42.

TEENAGE FICTION

Teenagers have their own TV channels, websites and magazines. So, what about books? Last year one publisher, Martins, started publishing a series called Waves. We spoke to the director Julia Smith. She explained, “Teenage fiction has been published since the 1970s but publishers have never been particularly successful in getting teenagers to buy and read books. Now they’re realizing that teenagers aren’t just older children but they’re not adults either and often aren’t interested in adult fiction. For this series we’re looking for new writers who write especially for teenagers.”

Athene Gorr’s novel was published in the series last year and is selling well. Its title is The Purple Ring, she says, “The important thing is to persuade teenagers to pick up your book. I’m a new writer so, although I’ve got an unusual name which people might remember, nobody knows it yet! But my book has a fantastic cover which makes people want to look inside. Then they realize what a brilliant story it is!”

And what do teenagers themselves think about the series? We talked to Sophie Clarke, aged 15. She said, “I’ve read a few books in the Waves series. They say they’re for 14 - 19 year-olds and I agree with that. We’re not interested in the same things as people in their twenties and thirties. I like them and I think they look really good too. The only thing is that because bookshops put them in the children’s section, lots of teenagers won’t find them so they may not do very well. And it’s a shame there’s no non-fiction in the series as I think lots of teenagers, especially boys, might buy that.”

What does Sophie Clarke say about the books in the Waves series?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 38 to 42.

TEENAGE FICTION

Teenagers have their own TV channels, websites and magazines. So, what about books? Last year one publisher, Martins, started publishing a series called Waves. We spoke to the director Julia Smith. She explained, “Teenage fiction has been published since the 1970s but publishers have never been particularly successful in getting teenagers to buy and read books. Now they’re realizing that teenagers aren’t just older children but they’re not adults either and often aren’t interested in adult fiction. For this series we’re looking for new writers who write especially for teenagers.”

Athene Gorr’s novel was published in the series last year and is selling well. Its title is The Purple Ring, she says, “The important thing is to persuade teenagers to pick up your book. I’m a new writer so, although I’ve got an unusual name which people might remember, nobody knows it yet! But my book has a fantastic cover which makes people want to look inside. Then they realize what a brilliant story it is!”

And what do teenagers themselves think about the series? We talked to Sophie Clarke, aged 15. She said, “I’ve read a few books in the Waves series. They say they’re for 14 - 19 year-olds and I agree with that. We’re not interested in the same things as people in their twenties and thirties. I like them and I think they look really good too. The only thing is that because bookshops put them in the children’s section, lots of teenagers won’t find them so they may not do very well. And it’s a shame there’s no non-fiction in the series as I think lots of teenagers, especially boys, might buy that.”

Which of these paragraphs could be used to advertise the Waves series?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C,or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.

SPORTS COMMENTARY

One of the most interesting and distinctive of all uses of language is commentary. An oral reporting of ongoing activity, commentary is used in such public arenas as political ceremonies, parades, funerals, fashion shows and cooking demonstrations. The most frequently occurring type of commentary may be that connected with sports and games. In sports there are two kinds of commentary, and both are often used for the same sporting event. “Play-by-play” commentary narrates the sports event, while “colour -adding” or “colour” commentary provides the audience with pre-event background, during-event interpretation, and post¬event evaluation. Colour commentary is usually conversational in style and can be a dialogue with two or more commentators.

Play-by-play commentary is of interest to linguists because it is unlike other kinds of narrative, which are typically reported in past tense. Play-by-play commentary is reported in present tense. Some examples are “he takes the lead by four” and “she’s in position.” One linguist characterizes radio play-by-play commentary as “a monologue directed at an unknown, unseen mass audience who voluntarily choose to listen...and provide no feedback to the speaker.” It is these characteristics that make this kind of commentary unlike any other type of speech situation.

The chief feature of play-by-play commentary is a highly formulaic style of presentation. There is distinctive grammar not only in the use of the present tense but also in the omission of certain elements of sentence structure. For example, “Smith in close” eliminates the verb, as some newspaper headlines do. Another example is inverted word order, as in “over at third is Johnson.” Play-by-play commentary is very fluent, keeping up with the pace of the action. The rate is steady and there is little silence. The structure of the commentary is cyclical, reflecting the way most games consist of recurring sequences of short activities---as in tennis and baseball---or a limited number of activity options---as in the various kinds of football. In racing, the structure is even simpler, with the commentator informing the listener of the varying order of the competitors in a “state of play” summary, which is crucial for listeners or viewers who have just tuned in.

The word “that” in paragraph 1 refers to?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C,or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.

SPORTS COMMENTARY

One of the most interesting and distinctive of all uses of language is commentary. An oral reporting of ongoing activity, commentary is used in such public arenas as political ceremonies, parades, funerals, fashion shows and cooking demonstrations. The most frequently occurring type of commentary may be that connected with sports and games. In sports there are two kinds of commentary, and both are often used for the same sporting event. “Play-by-play” commentary narrates the sports event, while “colour -adding” or “colour” commentary provides the audience with pre-event background, during-event interpretation, and post¬event evaluation. Colour commentary is usually conversational in style and can be a dialogue with two or more commentators.

Play-by-play commentary is of interest to linguists because it is unlike other kinds of narrative, which are typically reported in past tense. Play-by-play commentary is reported in present tense. Some examples are “he takes the lead by four” and “she’s in position.” One linguist characterizes radio play-by-play commentary as “a monologue directed at an unknown, unseen mass audience who voluntarily choose to listen...and provide no feedback to the speaker.” It is these characteristics that make this kind of commentary unlike any other type of speech situation.

The chief feature of play-by-play commentary is a highly formulaic style of presentation. There is distinctive grammar not only in the use of the present tense but also in the omission of certain elements of sentence structure. For example, “Smith in close” eliminates the verb, as some newspaper headlines do. Another example is inverted word order, as in “over at third is Johnson.” Play-by-play commentary is very fluent, keeping up with the pace of the action. The rate is steady and there is little silence. The structure of the commentary is cyclical, reflecting the way most games consist of recurring sequences of short activities---as in tennis and baseball---or a limited number of activity options---as in the various kinds of football. In racing, the structure is even simpler, with the commentator informing the listener of the varying order of the competitors in a “state of play” summary, which is crucial for listeners or viewers who have just tuned in.

Which of the following statement is true of colour commentary?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C,or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.

SPORTS COMMENTARY

One of the most interesting and distinctive of all uses of language is commentary. An oral reporting of ongoing activity, commentary is used in such public arenas as political ceremonies, parades, funerals, fashion shows and cooking demonstrations. The most frequently occurring type of commentary may be that connected with sports and games. In sports there are two kinds of commentary, and both are often used for the same sporting event. “Play-by-play” commentary narrates the sports event, while “colour -adding” or “colour” commentary provides the audience with pre-event background, during-event interpretation, and post¬event evaluation. Colour commentary is usually conversational in style and can be a dialogue with two or more commentators.

Play-by-play commentary is of interest to linguists because it is unlike other kinds of narrative, which are typically reported in past tense. Play-by-play commentary is reported in present tense. Some examples are “he takes the lead by four” and “she’s in position.” One linguist characterizes radio play-by-play commentary as “a monologue directed at an unknown, unseen mass audience who voluntarily choose to listen...and provide no feedback to the speaker.” It is these characteristics that make this kind of commentary unlike any other type of speech situation.

The chief feature of play-by-play commentary is a highly formulaic style of presentation. There is distinctive grammar not only in the use of the present tense but also in the omission of certain elements of sentence structure. For example, “Smith in close” eliminates the verb, as some newspaper headlines do. Another example is inverted word order, as in “over at third is Johnson.” Play-by-play commentary is very fluent, keeping up with the pace of the action. The rate is steady and there is little silence. The structure of the commentary is cyclical, reflecting the way most games consist of recurring sequences of short activities---as in tennis and baseball---or a limited number of activity options---as in the various kinds of football. In racing, the structure is even simpler, with the commentator informing the listener of the varying order of the competitors in a “state of play” summary, which is crucial for listeners or viewers who have just tuned in.

How is play-by-play commentary distinct from other types of narrative?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C,or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.

SPORTS COMMENTARY

One of the most interesting and distinctive of all uses of language is commentary. An oral reporting of ongoing activity, commentary is used in such public arenas as political ceremonies, parades, funerals, fashion shows and cooking demonstrations. The most frequently occurring type of commentary may be that connected with sports and games. In sports there are two kinds of commentary, and both are often used for the same sporting event. “Play-by-play” commentary narrates the sports event, while “colour -adding” or “colour” commentary provides the audience with pre-event background, during-event interpretation, and post¬event evaluation. Colour commentary is usually conversational in style and can be a dialogue with two or more commentators.

Play-by-play commentary is of interest to linguists because it is unlike other kinds of narrative, which are typically reported in past tense. Play-by-play commentary is reported in present tense. Some examples are “he takes the lead by four” and “she’s in position.” One linguist characterizes radio play-by-play commentary as “a monologue directed at an unknown, unseen mass audience who voluntarily choose to listen...and provide no feedback to the speaker.” It is these characteristics that make this kind of commentary unlike any other type of speech situation.

The chief feature of play-by-play commentary is a highly formulaic style of presentation. There is distinctive grammar not only in the use of the present tense but also in the omission of certain elements of sentence structure. For example, “Smith in close” eliminates the verb, as some newspaper headlines do. Another example is inverted word order, as in “over at third is Johnson.” Play-by-play commentary is very fluent, keeping up with the pace of the action. The rate is steady and there is little silence. The structure of the commentary is cyclical, reflecting the way most games consist of recurring sequences of short activities---as in tennis and baseball---or a limited number of activity options---as in the various kinds of football. In racing, the structure is even simpler, with the commentator informing the listener of the varying order of the competitors in a “state of play” summary, which is crucial for listeners or viewers who have just tuned in.

why does the author quote a linguist in paragraph 2?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C,or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.

SPORTS COMMENTARY

One of the most interesting and distinctive of all uses of language is commentary. An oral reporting of ongoing activity, commentary is used in such public arenas as political ceremonies, parades, funerals, fashion shows and cooking demonstrations. The most frequently occurring type of commentary may be that connected with sports and games. In sports there are two kinds of commentary, and both are often used for the same sporting event. “Play-by-play” commentary narrates the sports event, while “colour -adding” or “colour” commentary provides the audience with pre-event background, during-event interpretation, and post¬event evaluation. Colour commentary is usually conversational in style and can be a dialogue with two or more commentators.

Play-by-play commentary is of interest to linguists because it is unlike other kinds of narrative, which are typically reported in past tense. Play-by-play commentary is reported in present tense. Some examples are “he takes the lead by four” and “she’s in position.” One linguist characterizes radio play-by-play commentary as “a monologue directed at an unknown, unseen mass audience who voluntarily choose to listen...and provide no feedback to the speaker.” It is these characteristics that make this kind of commentary unlike any other type of speech situation.

The chief feature of play-by-play commentary is a highly formulaic style of presentation. There is distinctive grammar not only in the use of the present tense but also in the omission of certain elements of sentence structure. For example, “Smith in close” eliminates the verb, as some newspaper headlines do. Another example is inverted word order, as in “over at third is Johnson.” Play-by-play commentary is very fluent, keeping up with the pace of the action. The rate is steady and there is little silence. The structure of the commentary is cyclical, reflecting the way most games consist of recurring sequences of short activities---as in tennis and baseball---or a limited number of activity options---as in the various kinds of football. In racing, the structure is even simpler, with the commentator informing the listener of the varying order of the competitors in a “state of play” summary, which is crucial for listeners or viewers who have just tuned in.

The word “pace” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C,or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.

SPORTS COMMENTARY

One of the most interesting and distinctive of all uses of language is commentary. An oral reporting of ongoing activity, commentary is used in such public arenas as political ceremonies, parades, funerals, fashion shows and cooking demonstrations. The most frequently occurring type of commentary may be that connected with sports and games. In sports there are two kinds of commentary, and both are often used for the same sporting event. “Play-by-play” commentary narrates the sports event, while “colour -adding” or “colour” commentary provides the audience with pre-event background, during-event interpretation, and post¬event evaluation. Colour commentary is usually conversational in style and can be a dialogue with two or more commentators.

Play-by-play commentary is of interest to linguists because it is unlike other kinds of narrative, which are typically reported in past tense. Play-by-play commentary is reported in present tense. Some examples are “he takes the lead by four” and “she’s in position.” One linguist characterizes radio play-by-play commentary as “a monologue directed at an unknown, unseen mass audience who voluntarily choose to listen...and provide no feedback to the speaker.” It is these characteristics that make this kind of commentary unlike any other type of speech situation.

The chief feature of play-by-play commentary is a highly formulaic style of presentation. There is distinctive grammar not only in the use of the present tense but also in the omission of certain elements of sentence structure. For example, “Smith in close” eliminates the verb, as some newspaper headlines do. Another example is inverted word order, as in “over at third is Johnson.” Play-by-play commentary is very fluent, keeping up with the pace of the action. The rate is steady and there is little silence. The structure of the commentary is cyclical, reflecting the way most games consist of recurring sequences of short activities---as in tennis and baseball---or a limited number of activity options---as in the various kinds of football. In racing, the structure is even simpler, with the commentator informing the listener of the varying order of the competitors in a “state of play” summary, which is crucial for listeners or viewers who have just tuned in.

The word “crucial” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C,or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.

SPORTS COMMENTARY

One of the most interesting and distinctive of all uses of language is commentary. An oral reporting of ongoing activity, commentary is used in such public arenas as political ceremonies, parades, funerals, fashion shows and cooking demonstrations. The most frequently occurring type of commentary may be that connected with sports and games. In sports there are two kinds of commentary, and both are often used for the same sporting event. “Play-by-play” commentary narrates the sports event, while “colour -adding” or “colour” commentary provides the audience with pre-event background, during-event interpretation, and post¬event evaluation. Colour commentary is usually conversational in style and can be a dialogue with two or more commentators.

Play-by-play commentary is of interest to linguists because it is unlike other kinds of narrative, which are typically reported in past tense. Play-by-play commentary is reported in present tense. Some examples are “he takes the lead by four” and “she’s in position.” One linguist characterizes radio play-by-play commentary as “a monologue directed at an unknown, unseen mass audience who voluntarily choose to listen...and provide no feedback to the speaker.” It is these characteristics that make this kind of commentary unlike any other type of speech situation.

The chief feature of play-by-play commentary is a highly formulaic style of presentation. There is distinctive grammar not only in the use of the present tense but also in the omission of certain elements of sentence structure. For example, “Smith in close” eliminates the verb, as some newspaper headlines do. Another example is inverted word order, as in “over at third is Johnson.” Play-by-play commentary is very fluent, keeping up with the pace of the action. The rate is steady and there is little silence. The structure of the commentary is cyclical, reflecting the way most games consist of recurring sequences of short activities---as in tennis and baseball---or a limited number of activity options---as in the various kinds of football. In racing, the structure is even simpler, with the commentator informing the listener of the varying order of the competitors in a “state of play” summary, which is crucial for listeners or viewers who have just tuned in.

It can be inferred from the passage that the author most likely agrees with H which of the following statements about sports commentary?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C,or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.

SPORTS COMMENTARY

One of the most interesting and distinctive of all uses of language is commentary. An oral reporting of ongoing activity, commentary is used in such public arenas as political ceremonies, parades, funerals, fashion shows and cooking demonstrations. The most frequently occurring type of commentary may be that connected with sports and games. In sports there are two kinds of commentary, and both are often used for the same sporting event. “Play-by-play” commentary narrates the sports event, while “colour -adding” or “colour” commentary provides the audience with pre-event background, during-event interpretation, and post¬event evaluation. Colour commentary is usually conversational in style and can be a dialogue with two or more commentators.

Play-by-play commentary is of interest to linguists because it is unlike other kinds of narrative, which are typically reported in past tense. Play-by-play commentary is reported in present tense. Some examples are “he takes the lead by four” and “she’s in position.” One linguist characterizes radio play-by-play commentary as “a monologue directed at an unknown, unseen mass audience who voluntarily choose to listen...and provide no feedback to the speaker.” It is these characteristics that make this kind of commentary unlike any other type of speech situation.

The chief feature of play-by-play commentary is a highly formulaic style of presentation. There is distinctive grammar not only in the use of the present tense but also in the omission of certain elements of sentence structure. For example, “Smith in close” eliminates the verb, as some newspaper headlines do. Another example is inverted word order, as in “over at third is Johnson.” Play-by-play commentary is very fluent, keeping up with the pace of the action. The rate is steady and there is little silence. The structure of the commentary is cyclical, reflecting the way most games consist of recurring sequences of short activities---as in tennis and baseball---or a limited number of activity options---as in the various kinds of football. In racing, the structure is even simpler, with the commentator informing the listener of the varying order of the competitors in a “state of play” summary, which is crucial for listeners or viewers who have just tuned in.

What mainly makes play-by-play commentary special?