Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the other three in position of primary stress in each of the following questions.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the other three in position of primary stress in each of the following questions.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

A complete_____________of terms and conditions should be made before the agreement is signed.

I_____________one item early last week, but I am certain that I did not get the receipt at that time

American_____________to have been discovered by Colombus.

_____________to set the alarm clock, Jenny left for work late this morning.

Since he was unable to attend the annual meeting, Mr. Yokomate requested that the minutes_____________to his office.

Volunteers should keep in mind values of the charity event in_____________they participate actively.

_____________to the airline strikes, Mr. Jones had to postpone his business trip to Rome.

If she had experience in medical research, she_____________for one of the positions at the hospital.

Those in research positions are responsible for compiling and_____________research data.

_____________a year, Tarrin Industrial Supply audits the accounts of all of its factories.

The timeline for the pathway lighting project was extended to_____________input from the Environmental Commission.

If you don’t want your business to_____________bankrupt, avoid consulting those willing to step out on a limb.

_____________the BPT39 wireless speaker is widely popular, production will be increased fivefold starting next month.

Jack is very independent, he always paddle his own_____________

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions

If you came to the party tomorrow, don’t forget to bring your parents.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions

Even the CEO had to admit that Prasma Designs’ win was part the result of fortunate timing.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions

To prepare for marathon, I run 15 kilometers three and four times a week.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions.

“Where were you last night, Mr. Jenkins?” he said.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions.

The burglar was caught red- handed by the police when he was breaking into the flat.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions.

“We’ll go camping as long as the weather is good.”

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best combines each pair of sentences in the following questions.

We are not going to select the ruling party. We are not going to select the opposition party either.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best combines each pair of sentences in the following questions.

The lighthouse was built in the 1600s. It remains standing through hundreds of years.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best completes each of the following exchanges.

Laura is warning Bob about the house.

-  Laura: “Mind your head. The ceiling is low”.

-           Bob: “_____________”

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best completes each of the following exchanges.

David is talking to Linda after a party.

-  David: “Would you like me to give you a ride home?”

-           Linda: “_____________”

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.

The Boy Scouts organisation is dedicated to helping boys become moral and productive adults.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.

Father has lost his job,so we’ll have to tighten our belt to avoid getting into debt.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.

Henry has found temporary job in a factory.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.

We had a whale of time as everything was quite fantastic.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A,B, C,or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.

Not everybody recognises the benefits of new developments in communications technology. Indeed, some people fear that text messaging may actually be having a negative (33) _____________on young people’s communication and language skills, especially when we hear that primary school children may be at risk of becoming addicted to the habit. So widespread has texting become, however, that even pigeons have started doing it. (34) _____________, in this case, it’s difficult to view the results as anything but positive. Twenty of the birds are about to take to the skies with the task of measuring air pollution, each (35) _____________with sensor equipment and a mobile phone. The readings made by the sensors will be automatically converted into text messages and beamed to the Internet - (36) _____________they will appear on a dedicated ‘pigeon blog’. The birds will also each have a GPS receiver and a camera to capture aerial photos, and researchers are building a tiny ‘pigeon kit’ containing all these gadgets. Each bird will carry these in a miniature backpack, (37) ____________ , that is, from the camera, which will hang around its neck. The data the pigeons text will be displayed in the form of an interactive map, which will provide local residents with up-to-the-minute information on their local air quality.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A,B, C,or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.

Not everybody recognises the benefits of new developments in communications technology. Indeed, some people fear that text messaging may actually be having a negative (33) _____________on young people’s communication and language skills, especially when we hear that primary school children may be at risk of becoming addicted to the habit. So widespread has texting become, however, that even pigeons have started doing it. (34) _____________, in this case, it’s difficult to view the results as anything but positive. Twenty of the birds are about to take to the skies with the task of measuring air pollution, each (35) _____________with sensor equipment and a mobile phone. The readings made by the sensors will be automatically converted into text messages and beamed to the Internet - (36) _____________they will appear on a dedicated ‘pigeon blog’. The birds will also each have a GPS receiver and a camera to capture aerial photos, and researchers are building a tiny ‘pigeon kit’ containing all these gadgets. Each bird will carry these in a miniature backpack, (37) ____________ , that is, from the camera, which will hang around its neck. The data the pigeons text will be displayed in the form of an interactive map, which will provide local residents with up-to-the-minute information on their local air quality.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A,B, C,or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.

Not everybody recognises the benefits of new developments in communications technology. Indeed, some people fear that text messaging may actually be having a negative (33) _____________on young people’s communication and language skills, especially when we hear that primary school children may be at risk of becoming addicted to the habit. So widespread has texting become, however, that even pigeons have started doing it. (34) _____________, in this case, it’s difficult to view the results as anything but positive. Twenty of the birds are about to take to the skies with the task of measuring air pollution, each (35) _____________with sensor equipment and a mobile phone. The readings made by the sensors will be automatically converted into text messages and beamed to the Internet - (36) _____________they will appear on a dedicated ‘pigeon blog’. The birds will also each have a GPS receiver and a camera to capture aerial photos, and researchers are building a tiny ‘pigeon kit’ containing all these gadgets. Each bird will carry these in a miniature backpack, (37) ____________ , that is, from the camera, which will hang around its neck. The data the pigeons text will be displayed in the form of an interactive map, which will provide local residents with up-to-the-minute information on their local air quality.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A,B, C,or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.

Not everybody recognises the benefits of new developments in communications technology. Indeed, some people fear that text messaging may actually be having a negative (33) _____________on young people’s communication and language skills, especially when we hear that primary school children may be at risk of becoming addicted to the habit. So widespread has texting become, however, that even pigeons have started doing it. (34) _____________, in this case, it’s difficult to view the results as anything but positive. Twenty of the birds are about to take to the skies with the task of measuring air pollution, each (35) _____________with sensor equipment and a mobile phone. The readings made by the sensors will be automatically converted into text messages and beamed to the Internet - (36) _____________they will appear on a dedicated ‘pigeon blog’. The birds will also each have a GPS receiver and a camera to capture aerial photos, and researchers are building a tiny ‘pigeon kit’ containing all these gadgets. Each bird will carry these in a miniature backpack, (37) ____________ , that is, from the camera, which will hang around its neck. The data the pigeons text will be displayed in the form of an interactive map, which will provide local residents with up-to-the-minute information on their local air quality.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A,B, C,or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.

Not everybody recognises the benefits of new developments in communications technology. Indeed, some people fear that text messaging may actually be having a negative (33) _____________on young people’s communication and language skills, especially when we hear that primary school children may be at risk of becoming addicted to the habit. So widespread has texting become, however, that even pigeons have started doing it. (34) _____________, in this case, it’s difficult to view the results as anything but positive. Twenty of the birds are about to take to the skies with the task of measuring air pollution, each (35) _____________with sensor equipment and a mobile phone. The readings made by the sensors will be automatically converted into text messages and beamed to the Internet - (36) _____________they will appear on a dedicated ‘pigeon blog’. The birds will also each have a GPS receiver and a camera to capture aerial photos, and researchers are building a tiny ‘pigeon kit’ containing all these gadgets. Each bird will carry these in a miniature backpack, (37) ____________ , that is, from the camera, which will hang around its neck. The data the pigeons text will be displayed in the form of an interactive map, which will provide local residents with up-to-the-minute information on their local air quality.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

The Art World

One of the maj or problems in the art world is how to distinguish and promote an artist. In effect, a market must be created for an artist to be successful.The practice of signing and numbering individual prints was introduced by James Abbott McNeill whistler, the nineteenth - century artist best known for the painting of his mother, called “Arrangement in Grey and Black”, but known to most of us as“ whistler’s Mother”. Whistler’s brother - in - law, Sir Francis Seymour Haden, a less well - known artist, had speculated that collectors might find prints more attractive if they knew that they were only a limited number of copies produced. By signing the work in pencil, an artist could guarantee and personalize each print. As soon as Whistler and Haden began the practice of signing and numbering their prints, their work began to increase in value, when other artists noticed that the signed prints commanded higher prices, they began copying the procedure. Although most prints are signed on the right - hand side in the margin below the image, the placement of the signature is a matter of personal choice. Indeed, prints have been signed within the image, in any of the margins, or even on the reverseside of the print, wherever the artist elects to sign it, a signed print is still valued

above an unsigned one, even in the same edition.

above an unsigned one, even in the same edition.

Which of the following would be a better title for the passage?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

The Art World

One of the maj or problems in the art world is how to distinguish and promote an artist. In effect, a market must be created for an artist to be successful.The practice of signing and numbering individual prints was introduced by James Abbott McNeill whistler, the nineteenth - century artist best known for the painting of his mother, called “Arrangement in Grey and Black”, but known to most of us as“ whistler’s Mother”. Whistler’s brother - in - law, Sir Francis Seymour Haden, a less well - known artist, had speculated that collectors might find prints more attractive if they knew that they were only a limited number of copies produced. By signing the work in pencil, an artist could guarantee and personalize each print. As soon as Whistler and Haden began the practice of signing and numbering their prints, their work began to increase in value, when other artists noticed that the signed prints commanded higher prices, they began copying the procedure. Although most prints are signed on the right - hand side in the margin below the image, the placement of the signature is a matter of personal choice. Indeed, prints have been signed within the image, in any of the margins, or even on the reverseside of the print, wherever the artist elects to sign it, a signed print is still valued

above an unsigned one, even in the same edition.

above an unsigned one, even in the same edition.

The word “speculated” in the paragraph 1 could best be replaced by_____________

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

The Art World

One of the maj or problems in the art world is how to distinguish and promote an artist. In effect, a market must be created for an artist to be successful.The practice of signing and numbering individual prints was introduced by James Abbott McNeill whistler, the nineteenth - century artist best known for the painting of his mother, called “Arrangement in Grey and Black”, but known to most of us as“ whistler’s Mother”. Whistler’s brother - in - law, Sir Francis Seymour Haden, a less well - known artist, had speculated that collectors might find prints more attractive if they knew that they were only a limited number of copies produced. By signing the work in pencil, an artist could guarantee and personalize each print. As soon as Whistler and Haden began the practice of signing and numbering their prints, their work began to increase in value, when other artists noticed that the signed prints commanded higher prices, they began copying the procedure. Although most prints are signed on the right - hand side in the margin below the image, the placement of the signature is a matter of personal choice. Indeed, prints have been signed within the image, in any of the margins, or even on the reverseside of the print, wherever the artist elects to sign it, a signed print is still valued

above an unsigned one, even in the same edition.

above an unsigned one, even in the same edition.

What was true about the painting of Whistler’s mother?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

The Art World

One of the maj or problems in the art world is how to distinguish and promote an artist. In effect, a market must be created for an artist to be successful.The practice of signing and numbering individual prints was introduced by James Abbott McNeill whistler, the nineteenth - century artist best known for the painting of his mother, called “Arrangement in Grey and Black”, but known to most of us as“ whistler’s Mother”. Whistler’s brother - in - law, Sir Francis Seymour Haden, a less well - known artist, had speculated that collectors might find prints more attractive if they knew that they were only a limited number of copies produced. By signing the work in pencil, an artist could guarantee and personalize each print. As soon as Whistler and Haden began the practice of signing and numbering their prints, their work began to increase in value, when other artists noticed that the signed prints commanded higher prices, they began copying the procedure. Although most prints are signed on the right - hand side in the margin below the image, the placement of the signature is a matter of personal choice. Indeed, prints have been signed within the image, in any of the margins, or even on the reverseside of the print, wherever the artist elects to sign it, a signed print is still valued

above an unsigned one, even in the same edition.

above an unsigned one, even in the same edition.

The author mentions all of the following as reasons why a collector prefer a signed print EXCEPT_____________

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

The Art World

One of the maj or problems in the art world is how to distinguish and promote an artist. In effect, a market must be created for an artist to be successful.The practice of signing and numbering individual prints was introduced by James Abbott McNeill whistler, the nineteenth - century artist best known for the painting of his mother, called “Arrangement in Grey and Black”, but known to most of us as“ whistler’s Mother”. Whistler’s brother - in - law, Sir Francis Seymour Haden, a less well - known artist, had speculated that collectors might find prints more attractive if they knew that they were only a limited number of copies produced. By signing the work in pencil, an artist could guarantee and personalize each print. As soon as Whistler and Haden began the practice of signing and numbering their prints, their work began to increase in value, when other artists noticed that the signed prints commanded higher prices, they began copying the procedure. Although most prints are signed on the right - hand side in the margin below the image, the placement of the signature is a matter of personal choice. Indeed, prints have been signed within the image, in any of the margins, or even on the reverseside of the print, wherever the artist elects to sign it, a signed print is still valued

above an unsigned one, even in the same edition.

above an unsigned one, even in the same edition.

It can be inferred from the passage that artists number their prints_____________

Read the following passage and mark the letter A,B, C or Don your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

Butterflies are among the most extensively studied insectsan estimated 90 percent of the world’s species have scientific names. As a consequence, they are perhaps the best group of insects for examining patterns of terrestrial biotic diversity and distribution. Butterflies also have a favorable image with the general public.

Hence, they are an excellent group for communicating information on science and conservation issues such as diversity. Perhaps the aspect of butterfly diversity that has received the most attention over the past century is the striking difference in species richness between tropical and temperate regions. For example, in 1875 one biologist pointed out the diversity of butterflies in the Amazon when he mentioned that about 700 species were found within an hour’s walk, whereas the total number found on the British islands did not exceed 66, and the whole of Europe supported only 321. This early comparison of tropical and temperate butterfly richness has been well confirmed. A general theory of diversity would have to predict not only this difference between temperate and tropical zones, but also patterns within each region, and how these patterns vary among different animal and plant groups.

However, for butterflies, variation of species richness within temperate or tropical regions, rather man between them, is poorly understood. Indeed, comparisons of numbers of species among the Amazon basin, tropical Asia, and Africa are still mostly “personal communication” citations, even for vertebrates, In other words, unlike comparison between temperate and

tropical areas, these patterns are still in the documentation phase. In documenting geographical variation in butterfly diversity, some arbitrary, practical decisions are made. Diversity, number of species, and species richness are used synonymously; little is known about the evenness of butterfly distribution. The New World butterflies make up the preponderance of examples because they are the most familiar species. It is hoped that by focusing on them, the errors generated by imperfect and incomplete taxonomy will be minimized.

The word “striking” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to_____________

Read the following passage and mark the letter A,B, C or Don your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

Butterflies are among the most extensively studied insectsan estimated 90 percent of the world’s species have scientific names. As a consequence, they are perhaps the best group of insects for examining patterns of terrestrial biotic diversity and distribution. Butterflies also have a favorable image with the general public.

Hence, they are an excellent group for communicating information on science and conservation issues such as diversity. Perhaps the aspect of butterfly diversity that has received the most attention over the past century is the striking difference in species richness between tropical and temperate regions. For example, in 1875 one biologist pointed out the diversity of butterflies in the Amazon when he mentioned that about 700 species were found within an hour’s walk, whereas the total number found on the British islands did not exceed 66, and the whole of Europe supported only 321. This early comparison of tropical and temperate butterfly richness has been well confirmed. A general theory of diversity would have to predict not only this difference between temperate and tropical zones, but also patterns within each region, and how these patterns vary among different animal and plant groups.

However, for butterflies, variation of species richness within temperate or tropical regions, rather man between them, is poorly understood. Indeed, comparisons of numbers of species among the Amazon basin, tropical Asia, and Africa are still mostly “personal communication” citations, even for vertebrates, In other words, unlike comparison between temperate and

tropical areas, these patterns are still in the documentation phase. In documenting geographical variation in butterfly diversity, some arbitrary, practical decisions are made. Diversity, number of species, and species richness are used synonymously; little is known about the evenness of butterfly distribution. The New World butterflies make up the preponderance of examples because they are the most familiar species. It is hoped that by focusing on them, the errors generated by imperfect and incomplete taxonomy will be minimized.

Butterflies are a good example for communicating information about conservation issues because they_____________

Read the following passage and mark the letter A,B, C or Don your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

Butterflies are among the most extensively studied insectsan estimated 90 percent of the world’s species have scientific names. As a consequence, they are perhaps the best group of insects for examining patterns of terrestrial biotic diversity and distribution. Butterflies also have a favorable image with the general public.

Hence, they are an excellent group for communicating information on science and conservation issues such as diversity. Perhaps the aspect of butterfly diversity that has received the most attention over the past century is the striking difference in species richness between tropical and temperate regions. For example, in 1875 one biologist pointed out the diversity of butterflies in the Amazon when he mentioned that about 700 species were found within an hour’s walk, whereas the total number found on the British islands did not exceed 66, and the whole of Europe supported only 321. This early comparison of tropical and temperate butterfly richness has been well confirmed. A general theory of diversity would have to predict not only this difference between temperate and tropical zones, but also patterns within each region, and how these patterns vary among different animal and plant groups.

However, for butterflies, variation of species richness within temperate or tropical regions, rather man between them, is poorly understood. Indeed, comparisons of numbers of species among the Amazon basin, tropical Asia, and Africa are still mostly “personal communication” citations, even for vertebrates, In other words, unlike comparison between temperate and

tropical areas, these patterns are still in the documentation phase. In documenting geographical variation in butterfly diversity, some arbitrary, practical decisions are made. Diversity, number of species, and species richness are used synonymously; little is known about the evenness of butterfly distribution. The New World butterflies make up the preponderance of examples because they are the most familiar species. It is hoped that by focusing on them, the errors generated by imperfect and incomplete taxonomy will be minimized.

The word “exceed” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to_____________

Read the following passage and mark the letter A,B, C or Don your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

Butterflies are among the most extensively studied insectsan estimated 90 percent of the world’s species have scientific names. As a consequence, they are perhaps the best group of insects for examining patterns of terrestrial biotic diversity and distribution. Butterflies also have a favorable image with the general public.

Hence, they are an excellent group for communicating information on science and conservation issues such as diversity. Perhaps the aspect of butterfly diversity that has received the most attention over the past century is the striking difference in species richness between tropical and temperate regions. For example, in 1875 one biologist pointed out the diversity of butterflies in the Amazon when he mentioned that about 700 species were found within an hour’s walk, whereas the total number found on the British islands did not exceed 66, and the whole of Europe supported only 321. This early comparison of tropical and temperate butterfly richness has been well confirmed. A general theory of diversity would have to predict not only this difference between temperate and tropical zones, but also patterns within each region, and how these patterns vary among different animal and plant groups.

However, for butterflies, variation of species richness within temperate or tropical regions, rather man between them, is poorly understood. Indeed, comparisons of numbers of species among the Amazon basin, tropical Asia, and Africa are still mostly “personal communication” citations, even for vertebrates, In other words, unlike comparison between temperate and

tropical areas, these patterns are still in the documentation phase. In documenting geographical variation in butterfly diversity, some arbitrary, practical decisions are made. Diversity, number of species, and species richness are used synonymously; little is known about the evenness of butterfly distribution. The New World butterflies make up the preponderance of examples because they are the most familiar species. It is hoped that by focusing on them, the errors generated by imperfect and incomplete taxonomy will be minimized.

Which of the following is NOT well understood by biologists?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A,B, C or Don your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

Butterflies are among the most extensively studied insectsan estimated 90 percent of the world’s species have scientific names. As a consequence, they are perhaps the best group of insects for examining patterns of terrestrial biotic diversity and distribution. Butterflies also have a favorable image with the general public.

Hence, they are an excellent group for communicating information on science and conservation issues such as diversity. Perhaps the aspect of butterfly diversity that has received the most attention over the past century is the striking difference in species richness between tropical and temperate regions. For example, in 1875 one biologist pointed out the diversity of butterflies in the Amazon when he mentioned that about 700 species were found within an hour’s walk, whereas the total number found on the British islands did not exceed 66, and the whole of Europe supported only 321. This early comparison of tropical and temperate butterfly richness has been well confirmed. A general theory of diversity would have to predict not only this difference between temperate and tropical zones, but also patterns within each region, and how these patterns vary among different animal and plant groups.

However, for butterflies, variation of species richness within temperate or tropical regions, rather man between them, is poorly understood. Indeed, comparisons of numbers of species among the Amazon basin, tropical Asia, and Africa are still mostly “personal communication” citations, even for vertebrates, In other words, unlike comparison between temperate and

tropical areas, these patterns are still in the documentation phase. In documenting geographical variation in butterfly diversity, some arbitrary, practical decisions are made. Diversity, number of species, and species richness are used synonymously; little is known about the evenness of butterfly distribution. The New World butterflies make up the preponderance of examples because they are the most familiar species. It is hoped that by focusing on them, the errors generated by imperfect and incomplete taxonomy will be minimized.

All of the followings are mentioned as being important parts of a general theory of diversity EXCEPT_____________

Read the following passage and mark the letter A,B, C or Don your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

Butterflies are among the most extensively studied insectsan estimated 90 percent of the world’s species have scientific names. As a consequence, they are perhaps the best group of insects for examining patterns of terrestrial biotic diversity and distribution. Butterflies also have a favorable image with the general public.

Hence, they are an excellent group for communicating information on science and conservation issues such as diversity. Perhaps the aspect of butterfly diversity that has received the most attention over the past century is the striking difference in species richness between tropical and temperate regions. For example, in 1875 one biologist pointed out the diversity of butterflies in the Amazon when he mentioned that about 700 species were found within an hour’s walk, whereas the total number found on the British islands did not exceed 66, and the whole of Europe supported only 321. This early comparison of tropical and temperate butterfly richness has been well confirmed. A general theory of diversity would have to predict not only this difference between temperate and tropical zones, but also patterns within each region, and how these patterns vary among different animal and plant groups.

However, for butterflies, variation of species richness within temperate or tropical regions, rather man between them, is poorly understood. Indeed, comparisons of numbers of species among the Amazon basin, tropical Asia, and Africa are still mostly “personal communication” citations, even for vertebrates, In other words, unlike comparison between temperate and

tropical areas, these patterns are still in the documentation phase. In documenting geographical variation in butterfly diversity, some arbitrary, practical decisions are made. Diversity, number of species, and species richness are used synonymously; little is known about the evenness of butterfly distribution. The New World butterflies make up the preponderance of examples because they are the most familiar species. It is hoped that by focusing on them, the errors generated by imperfect and incomplete taxonomy will be minimized.

Which aspect of butterflies does the passage mainly discuss_____________

Read the following passage and mark the letter A,B, C or Don your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

Butterflies are among the most extensively studied insectsan estimated 90 percent of the world’s species have scientific names. As a consequence, they are perhaps the best group of insects for examining patterns of terrestrial biotic diversity and distribution. Butterflies also have a favorable image with the general public.

Hence, they are an excellent group for communicating information on science and conservation issues such as diversity. Perhaps the aspect of butterfly diversity that has received the most attention over the past century is the striking difference in species richness between tropical and temperate regions. For example, in 1875 one biologist pointed out the diversity of butterflies in the Amazon when he mentioned that about 700 species were found within an hour’s walk, whereas the total number found on the British islands did not exceed 66, and the whole of Europe supported only 321. This early comparison of tropical and temperate butterfly richness has been well confirmed. A general theory of diversity would have to predict not only this difference between temperate and tropical zones, but also patterns within each region, and how these patterns vary among different animal and plant groups.

However, for butterflies, variation of species richness within temperate or tropical regions, rather man between them, is poorly understood. Indeed, comparisons of numbers of species among the Amazon basin, tropical Asia, and Africa are still mostly “personal communication” citations, even for vertebrates, In other words, unlike comparison between temperate and

tropical areas, these patterns are still in the documentation phase. In documenting geographical variation in butterfly diversity, some arbitrary, practical decisions are made. Diversity, number of species, and species richness are used synonymously; little is known about the evenness of butterfly distribution. The New World butterflies make up the preponderance of examples because they are the most familiar species. It is hoped that by focusing on them, the errors generated by imperfect and incomplete taxonomy will be minimized.

The word “they” in paragraph 1 refer to_____________

Read the following passage and mark the letter A,B, C or Don your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

Butterflies are among the most extensively studied insectsan estimated 90 percent of the world’s species have scientific names. As a consequence, they are perhaps the best group of insects for examining patterns of terrestrial biotic diversity and distribution. Butterflies also have a favorable image with the general public.

Hence, they are an excellent group for communicating information on science and conservation issues such as diversity. Perhaps the aspect of butterfly diversity that has received the most attention over the past century is the striking difference in species richness between tropical and temperate regions. For example, in 1875 one biologist pointed out the diversity of butterflies in the Amazon when he mentioned that about 700 species were found within an hour’s walk, whereas the total number found on the British islands did not exceed 66, and the whole of Europe supported only 321. This early comparison of tropical and temperate butterfly richness has been well confirmed. A general theory of diversity would have to predict not only this difference between temperate and tropical zones, but also patterns within each region, and how these patterns vary among different animal and plant groups.

However, for butterflies, variation of species richness within temperate or tropical regions, rather man between them, is poorly understood. Indeed, comparisons of numbers of species among the Amazon basin, tropical Asia, and Africa are still mostly “personal communication” citations, even for vertebrates, In other words, unlike comparison between temperate and

tropical areas, these patterns are still in the documentation phase. In documenting geographical variation in butterfly diversity, some arbitrary, practical decisions are made. Diversity, number of species, and species richness are used synonymously; little is known about the evenness of butterfly distribution. The New World butterflies make up the preponderance of examples because they are the most familiar species. It is hoped that by focusing on them, the errors generated by imperfect and incomplete taxonomy will be minimized.

The idea “little is known about the eveness of butterfly distribution” in paragraph 5 means that_____________